{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:15:47Z","timestamp":1783487747311,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cephalopina titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>C. titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is the causative agent of camel nasopharyngeal myiasis and is widespread in camel-rearing regions worldwide, causing impaired health, reduced productivity, and economic losses. However, despite the veterinary importance of\n                      <jats:italic>C. titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      , global epidemiological evidence remains limited and fragmented, and no comprehensive synthesis of prevalence data across camel-rearing regions has previously been conducted. The objective of this review was to estimate the global pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestation in camels. In addition, subgroup analyses were made to assess the effect of camel species, geographic region, and study period on the pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The review protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD420261344750. A literature search was conducted in multiple databases including PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), Google Scholar, and CAB Direct (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International database; CABI). Pooled prevalence was estimated by a random-effects meta-analysis using R software. Heterogeneity of the prevalence reports was assessed using Cochran\u2019s Q and the I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic. Funnel plot and Egger\u2019s test were used for assessing study bias.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-one epidemiological studies involving 18,959 camels from 11 countries were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestation was 67% (95% CI: 59\u201375%). Heterogeneity among studies was very high (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f99.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed significant differences in pooled prevalence among study regions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0016), whereas pooled prevalence was not significantly affected by study period or camel species (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05). Although the funnel plot showed slight asymmetry, Egger\u2019s regression test did not indicate statistically significant small-study effects (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.497).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This meta-analysis demonstrated a high pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>C. titillator<\/jats:italic>\n                      infestation (67%; 95% CI: 59\u201375%) and revealed important geographical variation across camel-rearing countries, highlighting the substantial epidemiological burden of infestation and the need for region-specific surveillance and control strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PROSPERO, Registration No. CRD420261344750. Publicly accessible at:\n                      <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=1344750<\/jats:uri>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1863158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:34:39Z","timestamp":1783485279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global epidemiology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in camels: a systematic review and meta-analysis (1980\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Temesgen","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboma","family":"Zewude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsegaye","family":"Shamebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Academic City","place":["Dubai, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layaly","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atef","family":"Oreiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University","place":["Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazim O.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University","place":["Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gobena","family":"Ameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Gajic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03464-5","article-title":"Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China","volume":"18","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201914048","article-title":"Larvae of Cephalopina titillator (Clark, 1816) (Diptera: Oestridae) causing nasopharyngeal myiasis of camels: an overview","volume":"2019","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"CABI Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(82)90060-7","article-title":"The pathology of nasopharyngeal myiasis in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"9","author":"Hussein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(85)90153-8","article-title":"4. 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