{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:47:01Z","timestamp":1790228821553,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a persistent threat to poultry production systems despite reinforced biosecurity measures. This study aimed to characterize biosecurity deficiencies in HPAI-affected farms in Korea and to identify structured patterns of deficiencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Outbreak investigation reports from 311 HPAI-affected farms (2020\/2021\u20132024\/2025 seasons) were analyzed, yielding 3,172 biosecurity deficiency records classified into 16 categories across three operational domains. Frequency analysis,\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      -means clustering, and association rule analysis were applied to identify deficiency patterns and co-occurrence structures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wildlife control was the most frequent deficiency (85.9%), followed by operational management (65.9%) and deficiencies related to anteroom biosecurity measures in barns (56.3%). Four distinct farm-level deficiency profiles were identified, with significant differences in cluster membership between chicken and duck farms. Association rule analysis revealed consistent co-occurring deficiency pairs, particularly involving farm-entry measures such as visitor and vehicle disinfection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that biosecurity deficiencies are not isolated but form structured and interconnected patterns. A system-level approach incorporating targeted, pattern-based biosecurity interventions and risk-based surveillance prioritization may improve the sustainability and effectiveness of HPAI prevention and control in poultry production systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1863522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:23:24Z","timestamp":1784262204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biosecurity deficiencies in HPAI-affected poultry farms in Korea, 2020\/2021\u20132024\/2025 seasons"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hachung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoungsook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keesung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","place":["Gimcheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090929","article-title":"H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: evolution, global spread, and host range expansion","volume":"14","author":"Chrzastek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2026.106827","article-title":"Global economic impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza: a systematic review and impact framework","volume":"251","author":"Nisaa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.25249","article-title":"Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in migratory wild birds in South Korea, 2019-2025","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2025.2498918","article-title":"Epidemiology pathobiology of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza in South Korea (2003\u20132024): a comprehensive review","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070482","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1070482","article-title":"The attitude-behaviour gap in biosecurity: applying social theories to understand the relationships between commercial chicken farmers\u2019 attitudes and behaviours","volume":"10","author":"Pao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Risk Communication on Biosecurity in Relation to Poultry\u2014Final Report. 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