{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:14:29Z","timestamp":1783530869699,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remain one of the most economically significant diseases affecting the global swine industry. Caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), the disease leads to reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disorders in pigs of all ages. In Vietnam, PRRSV was officially reported in 2007, and the emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strains has since intensified outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the efficacy of the intradermal PRRSV-1 commercial vaccine (UNISTRAIN\u00ae PRRS, HIPRA) in piglets experimentally challenged with a Vietnamese HP-PRRSV-2 strain. Twenty-eight PRRS na\u00efve, 21-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to a VC group, including vaccinated and challenged pigs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f12); UVC group, including unvaccinated and challenged pigs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f12); and a UVUC group, including unvaccinated and unchallenged pigs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f4). At 5\u202fweeks post-vaccination, all animals in VC group and UVC group were challenged intramuscularly with 3\u202fmL of HP-PRRSV (lineage L8E, 2025; at a dose of 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CCID\u2085\u2080\/pig) and monitored for 28\u202fdays post-infection (dpi). Clinical signs, rectal temperature, viremia, antibody response, macro\/micropathological lesions and growth performance were evaluated. Vaccinated pigs exhibited a lower incidence of fever and milder respiratory signs than unvaccinated pigs, corresponding to reduced clinical scores. Despite viremia in both groups post-infection, vaccinated pigs exhibited reduced viral loads, shorter viremia duration, and lower incidence than unvaccinated pigs at 7 dpi (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). This constituted a significant reduction in viremia, evidenced by a 38.58% decrease in AUC. The antibody response developed earlier and persisted longer in vaccinated pigs, which displayed significantly higher S\/P ratios at 7 dpi (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Lung lesions in vaccinated pigs were characterized by mild interstitial inflammation with preserved alveolar structure, whereas unvaccinated pigs exhibited severe, diffuse interstitial pneumonia with hemorrhage. Average daily gain was numerically higher in vaccinated animals, though not statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05). Overall, intradermal PRRSV-1 vaccination partially protected against heterologous HP-PRRSV-2, lowering disease severity and promoting early antibody production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1866378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:23:12Z","timestamp":1783527792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-protection conferred by intradermal PRRSV-1 modified live vaccine against a highly virulent Vietnamese PRRSV-2 strain in pigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bui","family":"Thi To Nga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Romero-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIPRA S.A.","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngo Thi Ngoc","family":"Tram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC","place":["Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"]},{"name":"The Animal Biomedical Research Laboratories, Nong Lam University HCMC","place":["Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi","family":"Lua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran Ngoc My","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC","place":["Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vo Hong Thao","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC","place":["Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi","family":"Hoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Baratelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIPRA S.A.","place":["Girona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Tien","family":"Duy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University HCMC","place":["Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"]},{"name":"The Animal Biomedical Research Laboratories, Nong Lam University HCMC","place":["Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1991.9694296","article-title":"Mystery swine disease in the Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus","volume":"13","author":"Wensvoort","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.09.014","article-title":"Strategies to broaden the cross-protective efficacy of vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"206","author":"Vu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.10.009","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: An update on an emerging and re-emerging viral disease of 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Manag"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.09.002","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of a highly pathogenic Italian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 1 subtype 1 isolate in experimentally infected pigs","volume":"210","author":"Canelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0030422","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00304-22","article-title":"Description of a new clade within subtype 1 of Betaarterivirus suid 1 causing severe outbreaks in Spain","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00edn-Valls","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Res Announc"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0885-3","article-title":"Molecular evolution of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses circulating in Vietnam from 2007 to 2015","volume":"12","author":"Do","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-022-01912-w","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Vietnam, 2021","volume":"58","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1475208","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the GP5 protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Vietnam from 2007 to 2023","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060833","article-title":"A comprehensive review of our understanding and challenges of viral vaccines against swine 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changes","volume":"11","author":"Yim-im","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectrum"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110413","article-title":"Refining genetic classification of global porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) and investigating their geographic and temporal distributions","volume":"302","author":"Yim-im","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.5.565","article-title":"Effect of vaccination with a modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine on dynamics of homologous viral infection in pigs","volume":"68","author":"Cano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040362","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome modified live virus vaccine: a \u201cleaky\u201d vaccine with debatable efficacy and safety","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00001-15","article-title":"Comparison of two commercial type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live vaccines against heterologous type 1 and type 2 PRRSV challenge in growing pigs","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3084-4","article-title":"Humoral immune responses and viral shedding following vaccination with modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines","volume":"162","author":"Madapong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1451-y","article-title":"Efficacy of live 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PRRSV-1","volume":"244","author":"Madapong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.019","article-title":"Effects of challenge with a virulent genotype II strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on piglets vaccinated with an attenuated genotype I strain vaccine","volume":"193","author":"Roca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.058","article-title":"Pigs immunized with Chinese highly pathogenic PRRS virus modified live vaccine are protected from challenge with north American PRRSV strain NADC-20","volume":"33","author":"Galliher-Beckley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00434-15","article-title":"Vaccination with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) 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(Basel)"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000526","article-title":"Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique Hallmark","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5156","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02678-08","article-title":"The 30-amino-acid deletion in the Nsp 2 of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerging in China is not related to its virulence","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.013","article-title":"Immunological solutions for treatment and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome 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