{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:11:58Z","timestamp":1789665118257,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Psychometric questionnaires are used to assess canine temperament, aiding in the identification of behavioral and affective traits. Impulsivity, defined as a predisposition toward rapid, unplanned reactions to internal or external stimuli, is one such trait and is considered a contributing factor in various behavioral problems, including aggression. This study aimed to translate and validate the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (DIAS) for use in German-speaking populations. Data from 2,788 dog\u2013caretaker dyads were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), revealing a four-factor structure. This structure was subsequently confirmed using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a separate subsample of 557 dyads. The resulting factors were labeled Excitability, Reactive Aggressive Behavior, Interest in Environment, and behavioral Regulation and explained 32.7% of the total variance. Three original scale items did not demonstrate adequate stability. Item 12 (\u201c\n                    <jats:italic>takes a long time to lose interest<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d) was removed from the final German version, whereas Items 6 (\u201c\n                    <jats:italic>appears to be sorry<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d) and 16 (\u201c\n                    <jats:italic>reacts very quickly<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d) likely reflect cross-cultural differences in interpretation. These results support the German DIAS as a useful tool for assessing impulsivity related traits in dogs and underscore the value of cross-cultural research in advancing our understanding of canine impulsivity. Further research is needed to explore cultural influences, including the increasing knowledge of dog behavior in recent decades, which may shape dog caretakers' perceptions and interpretations of their dogs' behavior and thus influence their responses to certain questions in behavioral assessment scales over time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1869578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:53:50Z","timestamp":1786020830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring canine impulsivity: translation and validation of a German dog impulsivity assessment scale"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Kero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Dolezal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Affenzeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1079\/9781786394552.0007","article-title":"Diagnosis","volume-title":"Small animal veterinary psychiatry","author":"Mills","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869068","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.869068","article-title":"Dogs exhibiting high levels of aggressive reactivity show impaired self-control abilities","volume":"9","author":"Gobbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"77","article-title":"Impulsivity: cognitive, behavioural, and psychophysiological correlates","author":"Barratt","year":"1983"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","article-title":"Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity","volume":"158","author":"Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.21825\/vdt.89305","article-title":"Functional brain imaging of serotonin-2A receptors in impulsive dogs: a pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Peremans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.005","article-title":"Genetic contributions to social impulsivity and aggressiveness in vervet monkeys","volume":"55","author":"Fairbanks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00197","article-title":"Behavioral impulsivity paradigms: a comparison in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"44","author":"Dougherty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"361","article-title":"The adaptive nature of impulsivity","author":"Stevens","year":"2010"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.09.019","article-title":"Behavioural and physiological correlates of impulsivity in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)","volume":"105","author":"Wright","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0701-4","article-title":"Impulsive for life? 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