{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:45:44Z","timestamp":1782459944203,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Waterfowl circovirus (WFCV) is an important member of the genus Circovirus within the family Circoviridae, encompassing duck circovirus (DuCV) and goose circovirus (GoCV). As a pathogen that poses a serious threat to the global waterfowl industry, WFCV induces significant immunosuppression in its hosts, leading to growth retardation, feather abnormalities, and increased susceptibility to other pathogens. Consequently, it results in markedly elevated mortality rates among affected birds and causes substantial economic losses. In recent years, with the advancement of molecular biology techniques, notable progress has been made in research on waterfowl circoviruses. This review aims to systematically consolidate current findings on the genomic characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and clinical manifestations of WFCV while also summarizing the existing detection technologies and the status of vaccine development. Future research directions and prevention strategies are proposed, with the goal of providing a scientific reference for the effective control of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1871872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:33:12Z","timestamp":1781537592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overview of waterfowl circovirus: research progress and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongjun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoukang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qizhang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhe","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory for Avian Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangwen","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","place":["Fuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-003-0181-y","article-title":"Cloning and sequencing of duck circovirus (DuCV)","volume":"148","author":"Hattermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.0985","article-title":"Genome sequence determinations and analyses of novel circoviruses from goose and pigeon","volume":"286","author":"Todd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.07.028","article-title":"Identification, genotyping, and molecular evolution analysis of duck circovirus","volume":"529","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2014.01.004","article-title":"Comments on duck circovirus (DuCV) genotype definition","volume":"538","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-011-3192-y","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation and genome analysis of duck circovirus in southern China","volume":"26","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109598","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel circovirus species in domestic laying ducks designated as duck circovirus 3 (DuCV3) from Hunan province, China","volume":"275","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105826","article-title":"Identification and genetic evolutionary analysis of goose circovirus in Shandong and neighboring provinces in China in 2024","volume":"104","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00767","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00767-15","article-title":"Genome sequence of a diverse goose circovirus recovered from Greylag goose","volume":"3","author":"Stenzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-21-00045","article-title":"The prevalence, coinfection, and evolutionary and molecular characteristics of prevalent goose circovirus in Guangdong, China","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04653-8","article-title":"Goose parvovirus, goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus and goose circovirus infections are prevalent in commercial geese flocks in Poland and contribute to overall health and production outcomes: a two-year observational study","volume":"21","author":"Siedlecka","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101767","article-title":"Extensive genetic diversity and recombination events identified in goose circoviruses circulating in partial areas of Guangdong province, southern China","volume":"101","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-012-0080-9","article-title":"Viral infections in goose flocks in Poland","volume":"15","author":"Kozdru\u0144","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-007-0112-1","article-title":"Genome analysis and epidemiological investigation of goose circovirus detected in eastern China","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198044","article-title":"Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges","volume":"286","author":"Opriessnig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.10.010","article-title":"Avian circovirus diseases: lessons for the study of PMWS","volume":"98","author":"Todd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12755","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of H9 avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, tembusu virus, goose parvovirus and goose circovirus infection of geese in China","volume":"65","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103301","article-title":"Pathogenicity of duck circovirus 1 in experimentally infected specific pathogen-free ducks","volume":"103","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103936","article-title":"First report of goose circovirus identified in ducks from China","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1637\/11335-112615-Case","article-title":"Goose parvovirus and circovirus coinfections in ornamental ducks","volume":"60","author":"Shehata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05501-y","article-title":"Duck circovirus in northern Vietnam: genetic characterization and epidemiological analysis","volume":"167","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945021000071614","article-title":"Nucleotide sequences of goose circovirus isolated in Taiwan","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050412","article-title":"Beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus genomes: intermediates between the geminiviruses and plant circoviruses","volume":"143","author":"Niagro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173724","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01737-24","article-title":"Aquatic circoviruses: emerging pathogens in global aquaculture - from discovery to disease management","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02353","article-title":"The different faces of rolling-circle replication and its multifunctional initiator proteins","volume":"8","author":"Wawrzyniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0076321","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00763-21","article-title":"Mechanism of DNA interaction and translocation by the replicase of a circular rep-encoding single-stranded DNA virus","volume":"12","author":"Tarasova","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.03.045","article-title":"ORF3 of duck circovirus: a novel protein with apoptotic activity","volume":"159","author":"Xiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102533","article-title":"Duck circovirus genotype 2 ORF3 protein induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway","volume":"102","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102920","article-title":"Research note: complete genome cloning and genetic evolution analysis of four cherry valley duck circovirus strains in China in 2022","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108496","article-title":"Tandem repeat sequence of duck circovirus serves as downstream sequence element to regulate viral gene expression","volume":"239","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01265-2","article-title":"From obscurity to urgency: a comprehensive analysis of the rising threat of duck circovirus","volume":"55","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594438","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.594438","article-title":"Porcine circovirus type 3 cap inhibits type I interferon induction through interaction with G3BP1","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109098","article-title":"Porcine circovirus type 2 infection attenuates the K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to inhibit IFN-\u03b2 induction via p38-MAPK pathway","volume":"258","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197804","article-title":"Porcine circovirus 3 cap inhibits type I interferon signaling through interaction with STAT2","volume":"275","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0049724","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00497-24","article-title":"Duck circovirus regulates the expression of duck CLDN2 protein by activating the MAPK-ERK pathway to affect its adhesion and infection","volume":"98","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Immunology of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)","volume":"164","author":"Darwich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey177","article-title":"Pathogenesis of duck circovirus genotype 1 in experimentally infected Pekin ducks","volume":"97","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.538371","article-title":"Pathological observations of an experimental infection of geese with goose circovirus","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/030794500750047126","article-title":"Circoviruses: immunosuppressive threats to avian species: a review","volume":"29","author":"Todd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500112419","article-title":"Circovirus-infected geese studied by in situ hybridization","volume":"34","author":"Smyth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459994939","article-title":"A circovirus-like infection in geese related to a runting syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Soike","year":"1999","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13676","article-title":"Novel genotype definition and genome characteristics of duck circovirus in central and eastern China","volume":"67","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521705","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1521705","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of goose circovirus based on a newly developed indirect ELISA method","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-025-06471-7","article-title":"Genetic characterization and emergence of a novel subgenotype of duck circovirus in South Korea, 2022-2023","volume":"171","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.1990-1999","article-title":"Molecular genotyping and subgenotyping of duck circovirus at duck farms in Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Kulprasertsri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104284","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of duck circovirus first detected in geese from China","volume":"103","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102032","article-title":"Research note: genetic diversity of duck circoviruses circulating in partial areas of Guangdong province, southern China","volume":"101","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.09.001","article-title":"Evidence of possible vertical transmission of duck circovirus","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010006","article-title":"Molecular detection and genetic characterization of vertically transmitted viruses in ducks","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101799","article-title":"Effects of duck circovirus on immune function and secondary infection of avian pathogenic escherichia coli","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109662","article-title":"Pathogenicity of duck circovirus and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 co-infection in cherry valley ducks","volume":"279","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.07.005","article-title":"An investigation of duck circovirus and co-infection in cherry valley ducks in Shandong province, China","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0447","article-title":"Prevalence of duck circovirus infection of subclinical Pekin ducks in South Korea","volume":"76","author":"Cha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63795-x","article-title":"Occurrence and genetic diversity of CRESS DNA viruses in wild birds: a hungarian study","volume":"10","author":"Kaszab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.3378-3389","article-title":"Development and validation of a recombinant capsid protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological detection of duck circovirus in commercial flocks","volume":"18","author":"Luengyosluechakul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05002-5","article-title":"Development of an indirect ELISA for duck circovirus detection based on prokaryotically expressed antigen","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450601087841","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of goose circovirus infections","volume":"35","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103566","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and differentiation of DuCV-1 and DuCV-2 by high-resolution melting analysis","volume":"103","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222789","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1222789","article-title":"Multiplex digital PCR: a superior technique to qPCR for the simultaneous detection of duck tembusu virus, duck circovirus, and new duck reovirus","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-465","article-title":"The development of a rapid SYBR green I-based quantitative PCR for detection of duck circovirus","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2020.101564","article-title":"A TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR assay for identification of the goose circovirus","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-021-03021-1","article-title":"Establishment of TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of duck circovirus","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34108-x","article-title":"Development and validation of a quadruplex qPCR assay for simultaneous detection of GPV, GoCV, TMUV, and GAstV-II in geese","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102396","article-title":"TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneous detection of GoAstV, GPV, and GoCV","volume":"102","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1637\/7435-090705R1.1","article-title":"Development of a polymerase chain reaction procedure for detection and differentiation of duck and goose circovirus","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448480","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1448480","article-title":"Development and application of quadruplex real time quantitative PCR method for differentiation of muscovy duck parvovirus, goose parvovirus, duck circovirus, and duck adenovirus 3","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-022-01946-0","article-title":"Development and application of a multiplex qPCR assay for the detection of duck circovirus, duck tembusu virus, muscovy duck reovirus, and new duck reovirus","volume":"59","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-76","article-title":"A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the visual detection of duck circovirus","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101339","article-title":"Research note: development of rapid isothermal amplification assay for detection of duck circovirus","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02577-7","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas12a and recombinase polymerase amplification-based rapid on-site nucleic acid detection of duck circovirus","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101707","article-title":"Fast detection of duck circovirus by real-time fluorescence-based recombinase-aided amplification","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108574","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel inactivated vaccine against duck circovirus in muscovy ducks","volume":"241","author":"Zhaolong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580148","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2580148","article-title":"Culture breakthrough enables goose circovirus (GoCV) isolation and pathogenic gosling modeling to uncover the association between viral infection and vaccine failure","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(16)61605-2","article-title":"The codon-optimized capsid gene of duck circovirus can be highly expressed in yeast and self-assemble into virus-like particles","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Integr Agric"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.09.002","article-title":"Induction of a protective response in ducks vaccinated with a DNA vaccine encoding engineered duck circovirus capsid protein","volume":"225","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1871872\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:46:42Z","timestamp":1782456402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1871872\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1871872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1871872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"article-number":"1871872"}}