{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:01:55Z","timestamp":1785132115314,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious infectious disease, with a severe socio-economic impact, affecting cloven-hoofed livestock. Routine and emergency vaccinations are the most effective tool for the containment and the eradication of the disease in endemic countries. Due to the presence of the virus in seven serotypes and in various lineages and strains, the selection of the most appropriate vaccine is essential to achieve protection. According to WOAH\/FAO guidelines, assessing vaccine effectiveness is recommended to improve control strategies. This study reports the analysis of the results from Post Vaccination Monitoring (PVM) performed in Jordan across 2022 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A polyvalent inactivated vaccine, including one strain serotype O (O\/EURO-SA\/O\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/Campos) and two strains serotype A (A\/EURO-SA\/A\n                      <jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/Cruzeiro and A\/ARG\/2001), was administered to na\u00efve small ruminants (goats and sheep). About one half of the animals received a second dose 28\u202fdays after the first. Antibody titres were determined by Virus Neutralisation Test (VNT) against two FMD serotype O strains: one closely related to the vaccine strain and the other that had recently circulated in the country.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, a single administration of the vaccine was effective in inducing a good response in small ruminants, but a second administration boosted immunity, increasing the level and duration of the immune response in almost all vaccinated animals. The same vaccinal response was apparent when measured against the field strain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This field study corroborated the results of vaccine matching and confirmed the current suitability of that particular vaccine formula in the containment of FMD in the Middle East area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1872333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:41:20Z","timestamp":1785130880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robust cross-immunity against a heterologous field strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus achieved in small ruminants following commercial vaccination in Jordan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Efrem A.","family":"Foglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini","place":["Brescia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampietro","family":"Maccabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini","place":["Brescia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelis","family":"van Maanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Tranquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini","place":["Brescia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad M.","family":"Bennour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli","place":["Tripoli, Libya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hashim A.","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nussieba A.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology","place":["Khartoum North, Sudan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Khalifeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology","place":["Irbid, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ausama A.","family":"Yousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cairo University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Al-Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Animal Wealth Laboratories Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Bin-Tarif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Department, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeda","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Warning and Risk Assessment Department, Veterinary and Animal Health Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawkat","family":"Lafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology","place":["Irbid, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaidoun S. K.","family":"Hijazeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Project Personnel, Animal Health, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa A.","family":"Ramadneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NPO Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Baiomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ambrosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donal","family":"Sammin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santina","family":"Grazioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini","place":["Brescia, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2025.235","article-title":"Global prevalence of swine 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