{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:13:49Z","timestamp":1783660429933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alpacas (\n                    <jats:italic>Vicugna pacos<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are South American camelids adapted to the high-altitude Andean ecosystem of Peru, above 4,000\u202fm. In this study, semen quality, bacteriological profiles of the prepuce, vagina, and semen collected by postcopulation (PC), artificial vagina (AV), and electroejaculation (EE) methods, and fertility were evaluated in Huacaya alpacas inseminated with fresh PC semen at different times after ovulation induction. A total of 150 Huacaya alpacas (45 males and 105 females) between 4 and 8\u202fyears of age were used. Macroscopic and microscopic semen quality parameters, semen bacteriological profiles, and quantitative determination of bacterial load (colony-forming units [CFU]\/\u03bcL) were evaluated. For these 3 study variables, 30 males were used; these animals were distributed in 3 methods (10 for each method): PC, AV, and EE. In addition, 10 females were included in the postcopulatory method. A total of 10 males and 10 females were used for the bacteriological profile (prepuce and vaginal, respectively). For the fertility test, 80 females (20 for each insemination time) and 5 males (semen donors) were used. Moreover, five females were used for postcopulatory semen collection. Donor semen obtained by the PC method showed significantly higher values for motility (69.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f2.3%), viability (82.8\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.3%), HOST positivity (77.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.3%), acrosomal integrity (85.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.3%), and seminal volume (2.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.8\u202fmL) than those obtained by the AV and EE methods. In contrast, higher viscosity was recorded for AV semen, followed by EE and PC. Regardless of the collection method, the bacteria isolated from the prepuce, vagina, and semen were\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp., and\n                    <jats:italic>Micrococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. Fertility rates of 45, 50, 35, and 30% were obtained in alpacas inseminated at 24, 26, 28, and 30\u202fh postinduction, respectively, with significant differences between 26\u202fh and the later time points. These results demonstrate significant differences in semen quality parameters and bacterial profiles among collection methods and indicate that 26\u202fh postovulatory induction is the optimal time for artificial insemination with fresh PC semen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1872535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:24:16Z","timestamp":1783657456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Semen quality and bacteriological profile of semen collected by three methods and fertility in Huacaya alpacas (Vicugna pacos) inseminated with fresh postcopulatory semen"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nilton Marcial","family":"Cardenas Suarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurimac","place":["Apurimac, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilber","family":"Garc\u00eda Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","place":["Marangani, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Pezo Carreon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","place":["Marangani, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgilio","family":"Machaca Machaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurimac","place":["Apurimac, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeriano","family":"Paucara Ocsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Micaela Bastidas de Apurimac","place":["Apurimac, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Biotecnolog\u00edas reproductivas en cam\u00e9lidos sudamericanos dom\u00e9sticos como alternativas para la mejora gen\u00e9tica","volume":"23","author":"Huanca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Prod Anim"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.005","article-title":"Artificial insemination in south American camelids and wild equids","volume":"71","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.3.520","article-title":"Effect of repeated collection on semen characteristics of alpacas","volume":"57","author":"Bravo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(02)00095-7","article-title":"Alpaca semen characteristics previous to a mating period","volume":"72","author":"Flores","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Preservaci\u00f3n de semen y avances recientes en la inseminaci\u00f3n artificial de llamas y alpacas Semen preservation and recent advances in artificial insemination of llamas and alpacas","volume":"3","author":"Bravo","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPERNOVA"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2025.l938","article-title":"A comparative analysis of semen quality traits and sperm kinematic parameters in relation to fertility prediction in Murrah buffaloes","volume":"12","author":"Said","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Animal Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.21.0072","article-title":"Semen evaluation: methodological advancements in sperm quality-specific fertility assessment \u2014 a review","volume":"34","author":"Tanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Biosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061771","article-title":"Identification of bacterial profiles and their interactions with selected quality, oxidative, and immunological parameters of Turkey semen","volume":"11","author":"Lenick\u00fd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456305","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1456305","article-title":"Determinant genetic markers of semen quality in livestock","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152151","article-title":"The interaction between canine semen bacteria and semen quality parameters","volume":"14","author":"Sorkyt\u0117","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22911","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v33i3.22911","article-title":"Determinaci\u00f3n de bacterias y hongos en semen fresco de alpaca obtenido por tres t\u00e9cnicas de colecci\u00f3n","volume":"33","author":"Pacheco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Investig Vet Peru"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"12","article-title":"Uterine infections in camelidae","volume":"3","author":"Tibary","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Sci Tomorrow"},{"key":"ref13","author":"Jimenez","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"87","author":"Pezo","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2010.01.007","article-title":"Preputial microflora of llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Vicugna pacos)","volume":"90","author":"Jarvinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Inseminaci\u00f3n artificial en llamas (","author":"Aller","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.03.010","article-title":"Development of an artificial insemination protocol in llamas using cooled semen","volume":"131","author":"Giuliano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref18","author":"Gonz\u00e1les","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"65","article-title":"Inseminaci\u00f3n artificial de alpacas con semen fresco, refrigerado y descongelado colectado por electroeyaculaci\u00f3n artificial insemination with fresh, cooled and thawed alpaca semen collected with electroejaculation","volume":"3","author":"Ordo\u00f1ez","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPERMOVA Spermova"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v28i2.13080","article-title":"Inseminaci\u00f3n Artificial de Alpacas con Semen Refrigerado y con Inclusi\u00f3n de Dos Tipos de Yema de Huevo","volume":"28","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Investig Vet Peru"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"4","article-title":"Tasa de fertilidad a la inseminaci\u00f3n artificial y m\u00e9rito econ\u00f3mico en alpacas huacaya","volume":"7","author":"Murillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaciones"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v30i2.16072","article-title":"Efecto de la inseminaci\u00f3n artificial con semen fresco, con uno y dos servicios, en la fertilidad y natalidad de las alpacas","volume":"30","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Investig Vet Peru"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.10.005","article-title":"Semen preservation and artificial insemination in domesticated south American camelids","volume":"136","author":"Bravo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref24","author":"Hafez","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v23i1.882","article-title":"Inseminaci\u00f3n artificial de alpacas con semen colectado por aspiraci\u00f3n vaginal y vagina artificial","volume":"23","author":"Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Investig Vet Peru"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(93)90059-Z","article-title":"Physical and biochemical characteristics of alpaca semen","volume":"32","author":"Garnica","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(87)90088-1","article-title":"Nuclear and related techniques in animal production and health","volume":"17","author":"Sumar","year":"1986","journal-title":"Livest Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6183","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206183","article-title":"Total aseptization of boar semen, to increase the biosecurity of reproduction in swine","volume":"26","author":"Ciornei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7539","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217539","article-title":"Candida genus maximum incidence in boar semen even after preservation, is it not a risk for AI though?","volume":"27","author":"Ciornei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3329\/bvet.v34i1.38709","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of ram semen used for artificial insemination in indigenous ewes","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bangl Vet"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.08.006","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of ram semen, antibiotic sensitivities, and effects on sperm quality during storage at 15\u00b0C","volume":"122","author":"Y\u00e1niz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.798-803","article-title":"Effect of preputial washing on bacterial load and preservability of semen in Murrah buffalo bulls","volume":"8","author":"Meena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2014.00019","article-title":"Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of ewes and cows reveals a unique microbiota with low levels of lactobacilli and near-neutral pH","volume":"1","author":"Swartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.779","article-title":"Microbial contamination of stallion semen","volume":"52","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-91","article-title":"Comparative studies on genital infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates from camels (Camelus dromedarius) and cows (Bos indicus) in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Mshelia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.1338","article-title":"Contaminantes bacterianos y perfil de susceptibilidad del semen porcino en centros de recogida em Brasil","volume":"23","author":"Bennemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev MVZ Cordoba"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"23","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal burden in boar semen","volume":"7","author":"Gregore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res J Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2024.107519","article-title":"Contaminant toxicity of concern for boars and semen used in assisted reproduction programs","volume":"269","author":"Althouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2022.107086","article-title":"Biological and chemical contaminants in extended porcine semen: outcomes and diagnosis","volume":"247","author":"Althouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"5","article-title":"Efecto del lugar y la hora de inseminacion artificial sobre la fertilidad en alpacas (effect of the place and the hour of artificial insemination on the fertility in alpacas)","volume":"10","author":"Pacheco","year":"2009","journal-title":"REDVET"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1872535\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:24:17Z","timestamp":1783657457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1872535\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1872535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1872535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"article-number":"1872535"}}