{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:00:52Z","timestamp":1790866852112,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global public and animal health threat, to which the misuse of antimicrobials in humans and livestock contributes. Here we describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Indonesian layer farmers regarding AMR and antimicrobial use (AMU) before the national ban on colistin use, as well as the awareness of farmers of the ban.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first phase, conducted in 2014 as part of a study carried out between 2013 and 2016, involved a cross-sectional survey of small-scale layer poultry farmers, assessing their KAP toward AMU and AMR through a structured questionnaire. Farmers\u2019 responses were scored to determine KAP levels. The second study, conducted in 2023 among Indonesian layer farmers following the 2019 colistin ban, used a survey to evaluate 55 participants\u2019 awareness of the ban and their current AMU practices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Before the colistin ban, 27.5% of layer farmers in Indonesia demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding AMU and AMR, while the majority had moderate or low knowledge levels. Similarly, only 30% showed a positive attitude, and just 25% exhibited good practices related to AMU and AMR. Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides were the most commonly used antimicrobials before the ban. After the ban, the use of colistin ceased, but no statistically significant changes in the usage profile of any other antimicrobial were observed. The post-ban survey revealed that 18.2% of the farmers were aware of the colistin ban, and none of the sociodemographic characteristics investigated were associated with awareness levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight that, although the ban successfully eliminated colistin use in poultry production in Indonesia, limited KAP related to AMR and AMU may become critical bottlenecks to advancing future stewardship strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1885994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:57:41Z","timestamp":1790161061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the colistin ban on antimicrobial use and resistance-related practices among layer farmers in Indonesia: a comparative KAP study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Jokar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]},{"name":"AMR\u2014One Health Consortium","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]},{"name":"PAHO\/WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Antimicrobial Resistance and Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunandar","family":"Sunandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annisa","family":"Rachmawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soe Yu","family":"Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One-Health Perspective\/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Happy Nanda","family":"Larasati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridvana Dwibawa","family":"Darmawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imron","family":"Suandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riana Aryani","family":"Arief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nofita","family":"Nurbiyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS)","place":["Bogor, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Karuniawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaap A.","family":"Wagenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One-Health Perspective\/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego B.","family":"Nobrega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]},{"name":"AMR\u2014One Health Consortium","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]},{"name":"PAHO\/WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Antimicrobial Resistance and Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Pruvot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary","place":["Calgary, AB, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0308379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308379","article-title":"Needs and capabilities for improving poultry production and health management in Indonesia","volume":"19","author":"Chapot","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8010033","article-title":"Characterizing antimicrobial use in the livestock sector in three south east Asian countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and 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