{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:04:55Z","timestamp":1784196295108,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a major ocular disease of cattle. Although the bovine conjunctival microbiome has been studied in IBK-affected and healthy animals, microbiome patterns across clinically defined lesion stages remain poorly understood, and the occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the diseased bovine ocular surface has not been systematically investigated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study enrolled 57 calves from two commercial farms in Kazakhstan, stratified across six clinical stages of IBK severity (0\u20135). Conjunctival swabs were analyzed by culture-based\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      recovery and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity were assessed using standard ecological metrics, and stage-associated\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      abundance was evaluated using Kruskal\u2013Wallis testing and quadratic regression. Two representative\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, phylogenomic placement and homology-based screening against resistance and virulence-factor databases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IBK stage was not associated with significant global restructuring of the conjunctival microbiome. Alpha-diversity indices did not differ significantly across stages, and PERMANOVA showed no stage-specific beta-diversity separation (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.098,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.323). In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed a non-linear stage-associated abundance pattern in a quadratic model, with the highest reads-per-million (RPM) abundance in samples classified at stages 2\u20133, which are clinically characterized by active corneal ulceration. Culture-based recovery of\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was frequent overall (42\/57 samples; 73.7%) but showed no monotonic relationship with lesion severity. Whole-genome analysis of two isolates revealed phylogenomic heterogeneity: one isolate clustered within phylogenomic Group A, whereas the second was positioned outside the four major\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      groups, adjacent to the divergent animal isolate\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. B32. Both genomes contained conserved stress-response, regulatory and metabolic homologues, without clear evidence of specialized virulence systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IBK lesion stage was not associated with major alpha- or beta-diversity restructuring, but\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed stage-associated enrichment during the active ulcerative phase. These findings support interpretation of bovine ocular\n                      <jats:italic>Dietzia<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a surface-accessible opportunistic colonizer rather than a confirmed primary aetiological agent of IBK.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1890304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:13:12Z","timestamp":1784193192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-associated enrichment of Dietzia in the conjunctival microbiome of calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: a cross-sectional microbiome and genomic characterization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bolat","family":"Abdigulov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]},{"name":"Department of General Biology and Genomics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anel","family":"Ordabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Kuibagarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Suminov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oralbek","family":"Ilderbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biology and Genomics, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayan","family":"Dauletov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madina","family":"Kadyrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarsenbay","family":"Abdrakhmanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Vergnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","place":["Gif-sur-Yvette, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Shevtsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Genetics, National Center of Biotechnology","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2021.03.010","article-title":"A review of global prevalence and economic impacts of infectious bovine Keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"37","author":"Dennis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin: 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