{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:15:46Z","timestamp":1783574146823,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic wounds in dogs represent a significant clinical challenge due to persistent inflammation and impaired tissue repair. This case series describes four canine patients with chronic, treatment-resistant cutaneous wounds treated with plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PNELs) delivered via ice-needling technology (IN). Three dogs presented with post-surgical wound dehiscence and one dog with a chronic pressure sore. The dogs included in this case series presented with non-healing cutaneous lesions characterized by persistent wound dehiscence or pressure ulceration despite prior surgical and medical management. Clinical examination revealed chronic inflammation, impaired granulation tissue formation, and delayed epithelialization. All cases had previously failed conventional therapies, including surgical revision, topical management, systemic treatments, and photobiomodulation. Weekly PNEL applications were performed using IN without additional wound-specific interventions. All dogs demonstrated rapid clinical improvement characterized by reduced inflammation, healthy granulation tissue formation, progressive wound contraction, and accelerated epithelialization. Complete wound healing was achieved within 2 to 12\u202fweeks depending on lesion chronicity and severity. No local or systemic adverse effects were observed. These preliminary findings suggest that PNEL ice-needling may have potential as a minimally invasive regenerative approach for chronic wound management in veterinary patients. Further controlled clinical studies are warranted to confirm efficacy and safety and to establish standardized treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1893100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1783570881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exosome ice-needling for chronic wounds in dogs: a case series"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eleonora E. A.","family":"Guidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Citt\u00e0 di Torino","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Min","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StemExOne Co., R&D Team","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Citt\u00e0 di Torino","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Vercelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Citt\u00e0 di Torino","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Cornegliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Veterinaria Citt\u00e0 di Torino","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112784","article-title":"Wound healing versus metastasis: role of oxidative stress","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01121-7","article-title":"Biofilm and wound healing: from bench to bedside","volume":"28","author":"Goswami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11293","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S485441","article-title":"Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles in chronic wound healing","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13104","article-title":"Local wound management: a review of modern techniques and products","volume":"33","author":"Aisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i12.1529","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells secretome: the cornerstone of cell-free regenerative medicine","volume":"12","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2021.05.006","article-title":"Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles and their therapeutic activities","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04690-y","article-title":"The transforming role of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for diabetic foot ulcer healing: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Kishta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202500261","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202500261","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory\/antioxidant features of adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells conditioned media for doped TiO2 nanoparticles in induced inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Abd-Rabou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01559-y","article-title":"Lipoic acid improves wound healing through its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in a diabetic mouse model","volume":"24","author":"Zoheir","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114184","article-title":"Picoliter ice particles by supersonic cryogenic jets for transdermal drug delivery: extracellular vesicle application for skin diseases","volume":"387","author":"Son","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020282","article-title":"Efficacy of allogeneic and xenogeneic exosomes for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28713","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28713","article-title":"Ginger-derived nanoparticles protect against alcohol-induced liver damage","volume":"4","author":"Zhuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32993","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32993","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human adipose mensenchymal stem cells accelerates cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.11.030","article-title":"Plant exosome-like Nanovesicles: emerging therapeutics and drug delivery Nanoplatforms","volume":"29","author":"Dad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10613","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S540094","article-title":"Exosomes in disease therapy: plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles current status, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S420748","article-title":"Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: current progress and prospects","volume":"18","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1893100\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:21:22Z","timestamp":1783570882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1893100\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1893100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1893100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"article-number":"1893100"}}