{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:55:31Z","timestamp":1790924131186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence gene profiles, and biofilm formation capabilities of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) isolated from yaks in Qinghai, China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 60 isolates were analyzed for resistance against 11 antibiotics. PCR was used to identify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence genes. Biofilm formation was assessed via phenotypic assays. Phylogenetic typing and serotyping were performed using standard molecular and immunological methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed, particularly to tetracyclines (43.33%), ciprofloxacin (33.33%), and cefotaxime (33.33%). A total of 63 ARGs were identified, with\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>EC-18<\/jats:sub>\n                      (85%) being the most prevalent. Virulence gene screening detected 253 factors, including\n                      <jats:italic>csgA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>csgC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>entD<\/jats:italic>\n                      (100% prevalence). Biofilm assays showed that 40% of isolates were strong biofilm producers. Phylogenetic typing classified most strains as phylogroup B1 (81.67%), with sequence types ST2522 (8.33%) and ST56\/ST10 (5% each) being dominant. Serotyping revealed O25 and O107 as the most common serotypes (16.67% each). Strong biofilm formers exhibited higher ARG diversity, including\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>EC-18<\/jats:sub>\n                      (79.17%) and\n                      <jats:italic>sul<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 (41.67%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, these findings identify diarrheic yak\u2011associated\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a potential reservoir of resistance and virulence determinants, and support strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, farm hygiene, and One Health surveillance in the Qinghai\u2011Tibet Plateau.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1894554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:41:01Z","timestamp":1790923261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene, and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli isolated from yaks in Qinghai, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shengyi","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural 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Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangzhu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongfei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109038","article-title":"A low-cost novel lateral 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