{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:04:58Z","timestamp":1784264698965,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus arnfieldi<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is a common parasitic respiratory disease of equines that can adversely affect animal health, welfare, and productivity. However, epidemiological information on this infection remains limited in many regions of Egypt. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>D. arnfieldi infection<\/jats:italic>\n                      and identify associated risk factors among equines in three Egyptian governorates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted on 415 equines, including 150 donkeys, 55 mules, and 210 horses. Animals were examined for\n                      <jats:italic>D. arnfieldi infection<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and data on species, age, body condition, and deworming history were collected. Associations between infection and potential risk factors were evaluated using appropriate statistical analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>D. arnfieldi<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was 41% (170\/415). Donkeys had the highest prevalence (51.3%), whereas mules showed the lowest prevalence (20%). Significant associations (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) were observed between infection and age, body condition, and deworming history. Equines older than 8 years exhibited the highest prevalence (54.7%), followed by animals with poor body condition (52.4%) and those with no history of deworming (54.6%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high prevalence of D. arnfieldi, particularly among donkeys, confirms their important role as the primary reservoir host, contributing to sustained transmission among equine populations. These findings highlight the need for targeted parasite control strategies, including routine deworming, improved veterinary care, and better management practices, especially for donkeys, to reduce lungworm infection and improve equine health and productivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1895496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:22:58Z","timestamp":1784262178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of equine lungworm (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) infection and associated risk factors in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hattan S.","family":"Gattan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marzok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alruhaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel I.","family":"Almubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelfattah","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University","place":["Toukh, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111318","article-title":"Impact of equine and camel piroplasmosis in Egypt: how much do we know about the current 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