{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:23:37Z","timestamp":1788456217936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), secreted by astrocytes and microglia after neuronal injury, is involved in neuronal regeneration and modulation of inflammatory processes. Inverse associations between ApoE and the proinflammatory mediator C-reactive protein (CRP) are described in mice, but knowledge in dogs is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated ApoE levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 141 dogs with central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including idiopathic epilepsy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40), intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 40), meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30), degenerative myelopathy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 31), and 10 healthy controls. ApoE concentrations were measured by ELISA. CRP levels in CSF and paired serum samples were determined by immunoassay. Correlations between ApoE, clinical parameters and CRP were evaluated. We hypothesized elevated CSF ApoE in acute CNS diseases and low or undetectable levels in chronic conditions and a negative correlation between ApoE and CRP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ApoE was detected in 66\/151 cases, of which 20 showed quantifiable levels, exclusively in diseased dogs. While dogs with peracute IVDH or high seizure frequency were significantly associated with detected ApoE, MUO cases with multiple lesions only had a trend for measurable ApoE levels. Contrary to our hypothesis, a significant positive correlation between ApoE and CRP in CSF was found, suggesting a potential modulatory role of ApoE in neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, ApoE may play a role particularly during peracute and acute disease stages, while low CSF ApoE may reflect regenerative processes in affected neuronal tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1901246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:46:11Z","timestamp":1788453971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased detectability of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in cerebrospinal fluid samples of dogs with peracute and acute central nervous system lesions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Prielipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Packeiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bathen-N\u00f6then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Practice Dr. Med. 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Andrea Bathen-N\u00f6then, Small Animal Neurology","place":["Cologne, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Mischke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tipold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation","place":["Hannover, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.11.1300","article-title":"Incidence of intervertebral disk degeneration-related diseases and associated mortality rates in dogs","volume":"240","author":"Bergknut","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00106.x","article-title":"Canine neurological diseases in a referral hospital population between 1989 and 2000 in Switzerland","volume":"47","author":"Fluehmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819945","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.819945","article-title":"Inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study in England (2010-2019)","volume":"8","author":"Goncalves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.09.023","article-title":"A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis","volume":"202","author":"Heske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217750088","article-title":"Biomarker definitions and their applications","volume":"243","author":"Califf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-12-04867.1999","article-title":"Expression of human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the brains of Apoe-\/- mice: isoform-specific effects on neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Buttini","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20607","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury induces biphasic upregulation of ApoE and ApoJ protein in rats","volume":"82","author":"Iwata","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124369","article-title":"ABCA1\/ApoE\/HDL signaling pathway facilitates myelination and oligodendrogenesis after stroke","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.FOCUS15329","article-title":"Role of apolipoprotein E polymorphism as a prognostic marker in traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disease: a critical review","volume":"39","author":"Maiti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199805000-00001","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and the CNS response to injury","volume":"18","author":"Laskowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283935","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology","volume":"240","author":"Mahley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34443-6","article-title":"Jr","volume":"25","author":"Mahley","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.10.004","article-title":"Astrocytes: regulation of brain homeostasis via apolipoprotein E","volume":"37","author":"Gee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-030421-112756","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease: Findings, Hypotheses, and Potential Mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Koutsodendris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R400004-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: brain Lipids. 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