{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:58:22Z","timestamp":1785265102606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["IRN AP23489437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN AP23489437"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Newcastle disease virus (NDV) remains an important threat to poultry health, while complete genome data from Kazakhstan remain limited. In this study, two NDV-positive samples obtained from domestic chicken carcasses in the Almaty region were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and characterized by diagnostic PCR\/RT-PCR, infectivity assessment, whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and comparative molecular analysis. Both isolates replicated efficiently in embryonated eggs, reaching 9.6\u20139.7 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    EID\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/mL, with HA titers of 1:128\u20131:256 and no virus-attributable embryo mortality or marked embryo lesions. The complete consensus genomes of NDV_KZ_I and NDV_KZ_II were 15,186\u202fbp and contained six major coding sequences arranged in the canonical 3\u2032-N-P-M-F-HN-L-5\u2032 order. Both isolates were closely related to the lentogenic vaccine-like strain AVIVAK-NDV-LaSota, and the F protein cleavage site motif was\n                    <jats:sup>112<\/jats:sup>\n                    GRQGRL\n                    <jats:sup>117<\/jats:sup>\n                    , consistent with a lentogenic molecular profile. The F and HN proteins were identical between the isolates, with conserved predicted N-linked glycosylation motifs and predicted linear B-cell epitope profiles. The complete genome sequences were submitted to GenBank under submission number SUB16299204. Because the vaccination history of the source birds was unavailable and ICPI\/MDT assays were not performed, the isolates should be interpreted as vaccine-like NDV detected during diagnostic investigation rather than confirmed causative agents of mortality. These data expand available NDV genomic information from Kazakhstan and support future molecular surveillance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1905200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:00:01Z","timestamp":1785261601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-genome sequencing and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates from Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ainur","family":"Nurpeisova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makay","family":"Zheney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perizat","family":"Akshalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariza","family":"Ikramkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kobeikhan","family":"Begassyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raikhan","family":"Nissanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saltanat","family":"Mamanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksat","family":"Serikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuray","family":"Ibraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurzhan","family":"Koshkinbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assel","family":"Zholdasbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh National Agrarian Research University","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sang","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markhabat","family":"Kassenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhandos","family":"Abay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute LLP","place":["Almaty, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1231","article-title":"Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Current Worldwide status of Newcastle Disease","author":"Muzaffar","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02976-4","article-title":"Molecular characterization and genotyping of Newcastle disease viruses using whole-genome sequencing from poultry farms in parts of Amhara regions, and Central Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"Molla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-122","article-title":"Virulence of Newcastle disease virus: what is known so far?","volume":"42","author":"Dortmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(76)90178-1","article-title":"Proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoproteins and its significance for the virulence of Newcastle disease virus","volume":"72","author":"Nagai","year":"1976","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8579","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00666-14","article-title":"Evaluation of the contributions of individual viral genes to Newcastle disease virus virulence and pathogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Paldurai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.52578\/2305-9397-2025-3-1-110-123","article-title":"Newcastle disease in poultry: global epizootic situation and its significance for the Republic of Kazakhstan","volume":"80","author":"Abay","year":"2025","journal-title":"\u0120ylym \u017ea\u030bne b\u00ecl\u00ecm"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2024.290.298","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus VII.2 first record in Kazakhstan","volume":"19","author":"Kopochenya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ovaf049","DOI":"10.1093\/lambio\/ovaf049","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic relative of a pure virulent Newcastle disease virus isolated from an outbreak in Northeast Iran","volume":"78","author":"Khabiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101319","article-title":"Subgenotype VII.1.1 Newcastle disease virus evolution and spread in the Russian Federation in 2019\u20132023","volume":"17","author":"Guseva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2025.2585135","article-title":"Evolution of Newcastle disease virus subgenotype VII.1.1 in Iran, 2017\u20132024","volume":"55","author":"Sabouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.36899\/japs.2025.2.0048","article-title":"Molecular study of circulating class II Newcastle disease virus in vaccinated broiler birds in Rawalpindi division, Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Razzaq","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.32592\/ari.2023.78.6.1794","article-title":"Molecular identification and phylogenetic study based on the fusion gene of Newcastle disease virus isolated from broiler poultry farms in Markazi Province","volume":"78","author":"Vahidi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091414","article-title":"Genomic diversity and evolutionary insights of avian paramyxovirus-1 in avian populations in Pakistan","volume":"16","author":"Shabbir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026296","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1026296","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Newcastle disease viruses circulating in wild and synanthropic birds in Ukraine between 2006 and 2015","volume":"10","author":"Goraichuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159331","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1159331","article-title":"Poultry health constraints in smallholder village poultry systems in northern Ghana and Central Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Ouma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000872","article-title":"The effect of vaccination on the evolution and population dynamics of avian paramyxovirus-1","volume":"6","author":"Chong","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162484","article-title":"Presence of vaccine-derived Newcastle disease viruses in wild birds","volume":"11","author":"Ayala","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15359\/rcv.41-1.1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the Newcastle disease virus that caused an outbreak in backyard birds in Costa Rica in 2015","volume":"41","author":"Le\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cienc Vet"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5627","DOI":"10.5455\/ovj.2025.v15.i11.19","article-title":"Biosurveillance of avian orthoavulavirus 1 in multiple avian species in Pakistan from 2011 to 2021","volume":"15","author":"Wajid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-025-02195-7","article-title":"Whole-genome characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates of sub-genotype VII.1.1 from chickens in Ethiopia","volume":"61","author":"Mihiretu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090858","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Newcastle disease virus and its implications for vaccine development","volume":"12","author":"Kondakova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s44338-024-00015-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of virulent strains of the Newcastle disease virus isolated from deceased chickens in Tanzania's Morogoro and Iringa regions","volume":"1","author":"Amoia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Anim"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-03035-8","article-title":"Whole genome sequence analysis and characterization of virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates from chicken and pheasants during 2020\/21 outbreaks in Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Prajapati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648091","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.648091","article-title":"Cormorants as a potentially important reservoir and carrier of Newcastle disease virus on the Asian continent","volume":"8","author":"Karamendin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.58318\/2957-5702-2024-18-44-50","article-title":"Immune status of poultry to Newcastle disease virus in Kazakhstan","volume":"18","author":"Burashev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosaf Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W83","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae410","article-title":"The galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible, and collaborative data analyses: 2024 update","volume":"52","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","article-title":"Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools","volume":"10","author":"Danecek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"msae263","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263","article-title":"MEGA12: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis version 12 for adaptive and green computing","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4497","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4497","article-title":"BepiPred-3.0: improved B-cell epitope prediction using protein language models","volume":"31","author":"Clifford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061032","article-title":"Analysis of avian Orthoavulavirus 1 detected in the Russian Federation between 2017 and 2021","volume":"11","author":"Guseva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1682034\/v1","article-title":"Analysis of amino acid changes in fusion protein of virulent Newcastle disease virus from vaccinated poultry in Nigerian isolates","author":"Funsho-Sanni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Square"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2022_305","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of velogenic Newcastle disease virus of genotype XIII 2.2 from spot-billed pelican and backyard chicken: implications to the viral maintenance and spread","volume":"66","author":"Balam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352636","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1352636","article-title":"Detection of avian Orthoavulavirus-1 genotypes VI.2.1 and VII.1.1 with neuro-viscerotropic tropism in some backyard pigeons in eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Al-Mubarak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1905200\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:00:03Z","timestamp":1785261603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1905200\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1905200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1905200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"article-number":"1905200"}}