{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:30:42Z","timestamp":1786595442671,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>aMPV subtype B remains one of the major respiratory pathogens affecting commercial poultry worldwide despite the widespread implementation of vaccination programs. In the present study, epidemiological surveillance, virus isolation, and immunogenic evaluation of a newly developed subunit vaccine against aMPV subtype B were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical samples, representing 115 chicken flocks from 16 commercial poultry farms located in three regions of Kazakhstan, were screened for aMPV subtype B using multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Approximately 20% of the samples collected during the spring season tested positive for aMPV, with subtype B predominating among the detected strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified viruses clustered within subtype B and were closely related to vaccine-like strains while forming a distinct monophyletic group.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For virus isolation, field samples that tested negative for IBV, NDV, ILTV, and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycoplasma gallisepticum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were propagated in Vero cells. Cytopathic effects were observed after 3\u20134 passages, and one isolate, designated Ck\/B\/Kaz\/256\/25, was successfully recovered from a laying hen. The isolate was subsequently confirmed by electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, and was used for the development of a subunit vaccine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated in chickens following a prime\u2013boost immunization regimen and compared with that of a commercial live vaccine. The subunit vaccine induced 100% seroconversion by day 14 post-vaccination and elicited significantly higher IgG and virus-neutralizing antibody titers than the live vaccine. Neutralizing antibody titers were 8-fold higher after primary immunization and 16-fold higher after booster immunization compared with those in the live vaccine group. Furthermore, the subunit vaccine significantly enhanced the expression of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4, indicating activation of both Th1- and Th2-mediated immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, these findings demonstrate that the developed subunit vaccine induces robust and durable humoral and cellular immune responses and represents a promising candidate for the prevention and control of aMPV subtype B infection in poultry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1907159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:24:13Z","timestamp":1786595053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and immunogenicity of a novel subunit vaccine candidate against avian 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