{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:16:58Z","timestamp":1788239818476,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011501","name":"Qinghai Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swainsonine (SW), the main toxic component of locoweed, can cause livestock poisoning and reproductive damage in male animals; however, the mechanism by which it affects testosterone secretion remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten-week-old male C57BL\/6 mice were orally administered SW at doses of 0, 0.05, and 0.25 mg\/(kg\u00b7d) for 28 days. TM3 mouse Leydig cells were treated with SW at concentrations of 0, 1, and 10 nM for 24 h. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was performed on RNA-seq data from mouse testicular tissues to identify differentially enriched pathways between the control and SW-treated groups. Testosterone secretion levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels of steroidogenesis-related genes (\n                      <jats:italic>StAR, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Hsd17b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were detected by qPCR, while the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein was detected by western blotting. AutoDock Vina molecular docking was used to predict the binding affinity between SW and the STAR protein.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      KEGG analysis revealed a significant enrichment of pathways related to steroid synthesis. In both the mouse model and TM3 cells, SW significantly inhibited testosterone secretion, downregulated the mRNA expression of\n                      <jats:italic>StAR, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Hsd17b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and reduced the protein expression of STAR. Molecular docking analysis revealed multiple potential hydrogen-bond interaction sites between SW and STAR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SW downregulates the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes and STAR protein, thereby suppressing testosterone secretion in male mice and TM3 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1912572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1788236829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the mechanism of SW inhibiting testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhenxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University","place":["Xining, 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