{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1786681871588,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a worldwide issue of human and animal health, food security, and environmental sustainability due to its seriousness and the challenge of resolving it. Widespread utilization of antibiotics in the animal industry for metaphylactic, therapeutic, production, and prophylactic purposes has significantly contributed to the spread and emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Food- producing animals are also deemed as good reservoirs of \u201cantimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and antimicrobial- resistant bacteria (ARB)\u201d that may contaminate humans through the food chain, environmental pathway, and direct contact. Moreover, the discharge of antibiotic residues into the soil and water systems enhances selective pressure among microbial communities, making AMR a nature of One Health. This review summarizes the major strategies to reduce antibiotics use in the animal industry, which include: better husbandry and biosecurity measures, vaccination, wise use of antimicrobials, manure and environmental management. Special attention is given to non-antibiotic options like probiotics, prebiotics, phytogenic compounds, organic acids, immunomodulators, and other feed-based or biological interventions that are emphasized to maintain animal health and productivity while reducing antibiotic use. Through a combination of these strategies in a One Health paradigm, this review outlines feasible and viable solutions to help curb the problem of AMR in the animal sector. Findings highlight the importance of concerted action by producers, veterinarians, policymakers, and researchers to decrease the reliance on antibiotics and protect human health and animal production systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1912728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:23:30Z","timestamp":1786681410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitigating antimicrobial resistance in the animal industry: reduction strategies and alternatives to antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hanan","family":"Al-Khalaifah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research","place":["Kuwait, Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahani","family":"Al-Surrayai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research","place":["Kuwait, Kuwait"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101598","article-title":"A one-health perspective of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): Human, animals and environmental health","volume":"15","author":"Al-Khalaifah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.37591","article-title":"Medically rational use of antibiotics to reduce resistance and support effective animal production in low-and middle-income countries","volume":"78","author":"Magnusson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicines in Tropical Countries."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091344","article-title":"A 15-Year one health approach to antimicrobial resistance in Kuwait from hospitals to environmental contexts: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Al-Dhumair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1944","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low-and middle-income countries","author":"Van Boeckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020185","article-title":"Antimicrobial and the resistances in the environment: ecological and health risks, influencing factors, and mitigation strategies","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2019.803.273","article-title":"Strategies to minimize the impact of antibiotic resistance in livestock production system","volume":"8","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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