{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:07:39Z","timestamp":1790140059893,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) circulating across the human-animal-environmental interface is a major one-health concern. This study (April 2025\u2013January 2026) investigated the occurrence, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    across 558 samples comprising animal (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f444), environmental (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f80), and human (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f34) sources collected from five organized dairy farms representing urban (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f1), peri-urban (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f2), and rural (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f=\u202f2) settings under a One Health framework. Samples were cultured for\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli O157<\/jats:italic>\n                    , screened for Shiga-toxin genes (\n                    <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>stx2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular detection of resistant genes. Overall,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 70.06% of the samples, with the highest occurrence in environmental samples (78.75%), followed by animal (70.94%) and human (47.05%) samples, indicating a clear environmental predominance. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli O157<\/jats:italic>\n                    was not detected in any of the samples. Virulence profiling revealed the presence of Shiga-toxin encoding genes\n                    <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10.1%) and\n                    <jats:italic>stx2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (13.7%), predominantly among animal isolates, with higher occurrence during monsoon and winter seasons. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high susceptibility to colistin (100%), tigecycline (97.2%), and carbapenems (&amp;gt;91%), while moderate resistance was observed against tetracycline (25.1%) and selected cephalosporins. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 18.02% of isolates, with an overall MAR index of 0.068. Molecular analysis showed a predominance of\n                    <jats:italic>AmpC<\/jats:italic>\n                    (33.25%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>tetA<\/jats:italic>\n                    (20.05%),\n                    <jats:italic>blaTEM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.48%),\n                    <jats:italic>blaCTX-M<\/jats:italic>\n                    (12.18%),\n                    <jats:italic>tetB<\/jats:italic>\n                    (9.39%), and\n                    <jats:italic>blaNDM<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2.28%) genes, with notable seasonal variation. These findings indicate that the livestock ecosystem acts as a reservoir for resistant and potentially virulent\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , underscoring the need for integrated One Health AMR surveillance and targeted mitigation strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1915714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:47:25Z","timestamp":1790138845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiological insights into virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli across dairy farms in Nagpur district"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tippa","family":"Padmaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayatri","family":"Jayaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashwarya","family":"Dharne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini Tulshiram","family":"Nerikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Bhojane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. P.","family":"Chaudhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. V.","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. V.","family":"Kurkure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Kaore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajpal Singh","family":"Kashyap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMS Advanced Research Centre","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Science University","place":["Nagpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.656-660","article-title":"Bacteriological quality of raw milk marketed in and around Guwahati city, Assam, India","volume":"14","author":"Kakati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1086\/507035","article-title":"Milk of nonhuman origin and infectious diseases in humans","volume":"43","author":"Leedom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect 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