{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:34:27Z","timestamp":1787240067142,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>Canis familiaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) can discriminate explicit human emotions using various sensory modalities. However, their sensitivity to subtle human-derived emotional cues accompanied by physiological changes, but lacking clear behavioral cues, remains poorly understood. This study investigated whether dogs could perceive owner-derived emotional cues when suppressing explicit expressions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owners were assigned to either stress or relaxation conditions designed to induce stress or relaxation, respectively. Following the experimental manipulation, facial video, voice, and olfactory samples were collected during a standardized reading task and simultaneously presented to the dogs. The behavioral responses and heart rate variability (HRV) of the dogs during stimulus presentation were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owners exhibited elevated physiological arousal during both the control and stress induction periods, whereas negative mood increased only during stress induction. In response to these owner-derived stimuli, dogs under the stress condition displayed greater stimulus-directed attention toward control-derived stimuli than toward stress-derived stimuli. No clear effects of condition or stimulus type on dog HRV were observed; however, SDNN-based physiological synchrony between owners and dogs tended to increase with stress-derived stimuli.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that dogs respond to complex owner-derived stimuli in a context-dependent manner. These findings suggest that dogs may respond to subtle combinations of owner-derived cues that reflect physiological arousal, subjective emotional state, and task-related influences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1916007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:20:27Z","timestamp":1787239227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dogs display context-dependent behavioral responses to subtle owner-derived multimodal stimuli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rio","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaya","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Ozono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University","place":["Sendai, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsige Tadesse","family":"Alemayoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tough Cyber-Physical AI Research Center, Tohoku University","place":["Sendai, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takatomi","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ikoma, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ei-Ichi","family":"Izawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Onna-son, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University","place":["Sapporo, Japan"]},{"name":"Medilux Research Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ikoma, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University","place":["Nagoya, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshitaka","family":"Yamakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ikoma, Japan"]},{"name":"Quadlytics Inc.","place":["Kyoto, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University","place":["Sendai, Japan"]},{"name":"Tough Cyber-Physical AI Research Center, Tohoku University","place":["Sendai, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takefumi","family":"Kikusui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, 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