{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:28:33Z","timestamp":1789658913165,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Small Research Groups Program","award":["RGP1\/42\/47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP1\/42\/47"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052kwzs30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aluminum chloride (AlCl\u2083) is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant that induces multi-organ toxicity, primarily via oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanism cascades.\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    , renowned for its pharmacologically active ginsenosides, exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract against AlCl\u2083-induced liver, kidneys, and testes damage, with a specific focus on the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) as a potential mediator. Forty-five male albino rats (\n                    <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), weighing 155.80\u202fg\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.52\u202fg at 82\u202fdays of age, were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (n\u202f=\u202f15 in each): control group (CG); AlCl\u2083-treated group (AlCl\u2083 group), which received 300\u202fmg\/kg body weight\/day of AlCl\u2083\u00b76H\u2082O via oral gavage daily for 28\u202fdays; and co-treatment group (AlCl\u2083\/P-G), 300\u202fmg\/kg body weight\/day of AlCl\u2083\u00b76H\u2082O concurrently with 250\u202fmg\/kg\/BW\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    for 28\u202fdays. This study integrated three analytical pillars: biochemical profiling of serum lipids and liver\/kidney function markers alongside SIRT1 protein assessment using ELISA; histopathological evaluation of hepatic, renal, and testicular tissues utilizing H&amp;amp;E staining; and qPCR analysis of SIRT1 mRNA expression. The AlCl\u2083\/P-G group demonstrated weight improvement on days 21 and 28 of treatment compared to AlCl\u2083 and CG groups. It exhibited significantly lower lipid profile values than AlCl\u2083 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01).\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment in this group led to improved creatinine, urea, ALT, and AST levels compared to AlCl\u2083, along with a significant increase in serum SIRT1 protein concentration and hepatic SIRT1 mRNA expression (0.70-fold of CG levels) compared AlCl\u2083 (0.50-fold). The treatment also partially restored renal architecture with compact glomeruli and reduced tubular degeneration, as well as hepatic architecture showing reduced swelling and less congestion. Testis sections in the AlCl\u2083\/P-G group showed recovery in epithelial organization and increased spermatogenic activity; however, causal mechanisms remain to be established. In conclusion,\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    may have protective effect on AlCl\u2083-induced liver, kidney, and testicular toxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1925382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:30:56Z","timestamp":1789536656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective effect of Panax ginseng on AlCl\u2083-induced liver, kidney, and testis toxicity in male albino rats: biochemical, histopathological, and molecular study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fatimah A.","family":"Al-Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Soliman Abdel","family":"Ghfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Productions, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montaser Elsayed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Productions, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University","place":["Assiut, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2008.754","article-title":"Safety of aluminium from dietary intake\u2014scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, Flavourings, processing aids and food contact materials (AFC)","volume":"6","year":"2008","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178341","article-title":"Protective role of catechin hydrate against aluminum chloride-induced nephrotoxicity via oxidative stress, NF-\u03baB, Bax\/Bcl-2, and PERK-CHOP pathways","volume":"1008","author":"Yavuz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2022.100378","article-title":"Nephroprotective effects of gallic acid and hesperidin in aluminum chloride-induced toxicity in rats","volume":"2","author":"Obafemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed Plus"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03427-9","article-title":"Global scientific research landscape on aluminum toxicology","volume":"201","author":"de Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111736","article-title":"Aluminum exposure disturbs epigenetic modification and organelle function during early embryo development","volume":"421","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.04.003","article-title":"Hepato-renal toxicity of oral sub-chronic exposure to aluminum oxide and\/or zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats","volume":"6","author":"Yousef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03903-2","article-title":"Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects","volume":"99","author":"Jomova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154961","article-title":"Chlorogenic acids: a pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects","volume":"118","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31288","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"McGlynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.02.006","article-title":"Propolis protection from reproductive toxicity caused by aluminium chloride in male rats","volume":"47","author":"Yousef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-243","article-title":"Experimental studies on the effect of (lambda-Cyhalothrin) insecticide on lungs and the ameliorating effect of plant extracts ginseng (Panax ginseng) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on asthma development in albino rats","volume":"7","author":"Mohi El-Din","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.10.029","article-title":"Protection of Panax ginseng in injured muscles after eccentric exercise","volume":"97","author":"Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.06.031","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of ononin against the aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease in rats","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.11.004","article-title":"Anti-cancer effects of naturally derived compounds targeting histone deacetylase 6-related pathways","volume":"129","author":"Lernoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108909","article-title":"Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K regulates macrophage function through inhibition of \u03b2-arrestin2","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2023.102248","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on the cerebral cortex changes induced by aluminium chloride in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: a histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study","volume":"129","author":"Shalaby","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.002","article-title":"Role of Panax ginseng as an antioxidant after cadmium-induced hepatic injuries","volume":"47","author":"Shukla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2014.101","article-title":"Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"94","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119863","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates T2DM-induced renal damage and fibrosis by inhibiting TRPC6-ChREBP-TXNIP signaling","volume":"348","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115280","article-title":"The SIRT-1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 axis: guardians of neuronal health in neurological disorders","volume":"476","author":"Sethi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113657","article-title":"Targeting Sirtuin 1 signaling pathway by ginsenosides","volume":"268","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117089","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury by inhibiting hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress via SIRT1 activation","volume":"319","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1808670","article-title":"Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats","volume":"45","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2007.06.014","article-title":"Parameters affecting the extraction of ginsenosides from the adventitious roots of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.58502\/DTT.23.0008","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of ultrasonication processed Panax ginseng berry extract on chronic alcoholic liver disease model in rats","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Target Ther"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-35229-7","article-title":"Chitosan-dextran sulfate nanocapsules for enhanced tigecycline efficacy against non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica","volume":"16","author":"Omar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.10.006","article-title":"Liposomalization of oxaliplatin induces skin accumulation of it, but negligible skin toxicity","volume":"337","author":"Nishida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746307","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1746307","article-title":"Reproductive and immune-related consequences of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) in male rats via modulation of steroidogenesis- and immune-related genes expression","volume":"13","author":"Abu-Zeid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.04.009","article-title":"Evaluation of four different equations for calculating LDL-C with eight different direct HDL-C assays","volume":"423","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05107-0","article-title":"Resveratrol regulates nickel oxide-induced kidney damage by targeting the PERK\/ATF-6\/IRE1 and Nrf2\/HO1 pathways","volume":"399","author":"Olcekci","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1042640","article-title":"Effect of Allium sativum and Nigella sativa on alleviating aluminum toxicity state in the albino rats","volume":"9","author":"Abdel Ghfar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.115966","article-title":"miR-128-3p is involved in aluminum-induced cognitive impairment by regulating the Sirt1-Keap1\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"271","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107936","article-title":"Sirtuins regulate macrophage polarization in heart failure: metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic regulation, and immune cell interactions","volume":"220","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2024.102589","article-title":"Potential protection of resveratrol-tempeh against nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic histological damage in mice induced by aluminum","volume":"91","author":"Irnidayanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2025.100971","article-title":"Research progress of ginseng active ingredients combined with chemotherapy in cancer therapy","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.08.005","article-title":"Panax ginseng is superior to vitamin E as a hepatoprotector against cyclophosphamide-induced liver damage","volume":"46","author":"Abdelfattah-Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.06.003","article-title":"The G115 standardized ginseng extract: an example for safety, efficacy, and quality of an herbal medicine","volume":"44","author":"Bilia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.07.002","article-title":"Anti-obesity effects of protopanaxdiol types of Ginsenosides isolated from the leaves of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in mice fed with a high-fat diet","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.12.006","article-title":"Red ginseng extract protects against aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions in rats","volume":"48","author":"Abdel-Wahhab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.05.027","article-title":"Increase in the free radical scavenging activities of American ginseng by heat processing and its safety evaluation","volume":"113","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109702","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29935-2","article-title":"Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches","volume":"30","author":"Elblehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-023-00203-0","article-title":"The role of red ginseng in men's reproductive health: a literature review","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36165","article-title":"Aluminum-induced oxidative stress promotes changes in the structure of the gut microbiota and liver deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.10.002","article-title":"Quercetin protects against aluminium induced oxidative stress and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via activation of the PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"51","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110331","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates CPT1A deacetylation to inhibit intramuscular fat infiltration after rotator cuff tear","volume":"27","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00443","article-title":"SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling promotes mitochondrial functional recovery and reduces apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1925382\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:30:57Z","timestamp":1789536657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1925382\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1925382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1925382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"article-number":"1925382"}}