{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:59:37Z","timestamp":1790686777373,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abdominal wall injuries in dromedary camels often result in life-threatening evisceration or persistent fistulation. While well documented in equines and bovines, standardized surgical management protocols and survival outcomes for camelids remain scarce in veterinary literature. This retrospective study evaluated the clinical patterns, visceral involvement, surgical treatments, and survival outcomes of full-thickness abdominal wall injuries complicated by evisceration or fistulation in dromedary camels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective study was conducted on 14 dromedary camels presenting with full-thickness abdominal wall trauma complicated by acute evisceration (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f11) or chronic fistulation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f3) at a specialized camel hospital between September 2023 and December 2025. All animals underwent detailed clinical and ultrasonographic examinations. Surgical management was tailored according to lesion type, tissue viability, and the degree of contamination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females (85.7%) and the Wadeh breed (78.6%) were predominantly affected. Injury distribution was equally split between ventral\/umbilical (50.0%) and ventrolateral (50.0%) zones, driven by external trauma (57.1%), hernia rupture (28.6%), or gastroschisis (14.3%). The intestines were the most frequently involved viscera (50.0%), and gross environmental contamination was present in 78.6% of cases. One camel (7.1%) died during initial stabilization. Following surgery of acute evisceration cohort, (63.6%) (7\/11) survived and were successfully discharged from the hospital. Conversely, 27.3% (3\/11) of the camels developed rapid hemodynamic collapse and hyperacute systemic sepsis within 24\u201348\u202fh post-injury, which resulted in death. Postoperative recovery and successful hospital discharge of chronic fistulation were achieved in 66.7% (2\/3) of the cases. One camel (33.3%, 1\/3) developed uncontrollable severe sepsis secondary to chronic focal necrosis on postoperative day 4 and died.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate rapid diagnosis and prompt surgical interventions of full-thickness abdominal wall injuries complicated by evisceration and fistulation can yield a favorable prognosis in dromedary camels. Lesion type, tissue viability, and injury duration are the key factors influencing management choices and overall prognosis for camelid full-thickness abdominal wall injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1926549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:30:01Z","timestamp":1790685001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of full-thickness abdominal wall injuries complicated by evisceration and fistulation in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"El-Sayed","family":"El-Shafaey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University","place":["Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Salam Veterinary Group","place":["Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Najeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University","place":["Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdo Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud G.","family":"El Sebaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Camelid Reference Info","author":"Gahlot","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2015.v5.i2.p127","article-title":"Pyloro-duodenal hernia with formation of enterocutaneous fistula in a buffalo calf following a dog attack","volume":"5","author":"Kamalakar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0163","article-title":"Superficial swellings in camels (Camelus dromedarius): clinical and ultrasonographic findings","volume":"82","author":"El-Shafaey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2014.00049.6","article-title":"Evisceration in a camel calf \u2013 case report","volume":"21","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-021-02536-z","article-title":"Managing severe traumatic abdominal-wall injuries, a monocentric experience","volume":"26","author":"Abo-Alhassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16050701","article-title":"Clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges of congenital thoracoabdominal wall defects in dogs: insights from a case series and literature synthesis","volume":"16","author":"Cozar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"44","article-title":"Surgical management of intestinal obstruction in six camek calves and four adult dromedary camels","volume":"18","author":"Rifat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Indian Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.04.011","article-title":"Surgical management of enterocutaneous fistula in a mare","volume":"30","author":"Sangwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.10.010","article-title":"Management of a traumatic penetrating abdominal wound and associated complications in a horse","volume":"71","author":"Fontenot","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.22271\/j.ento.2018.v6.i6.8.13","article-title":"Surgical management of enterocutaneous fistula secondary to dog bite wound in a malabari goat","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Entomol Zool Stud"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary.2021.v6.i2a.330","article-title":"Traumatic ruminal fistula in cow: case report","volume":"6","author":"Abate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Anim Husbandry"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"12","article-title":"Surgical treatment of various types of hernias in camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"28","author":"Al-Sobayil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0621","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies swallowing syndrome in camels (Camelus dromedarius) with special reference to the role of mineral deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Sadan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Anatomical Atlas of the Dromedary Camel","author":"Wernery","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.26873\/SVR-1621-2022","article-title":"Morphology of the dromedary camel stomach with reference to physiological adaptation","volume":"60","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Slov Vet Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05048-5","article-title":"Enterocutaneous fistula as a long-term complication of jejunostomy tube placement in a dog with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"21","author":"Moon","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.63673\/EurasianJVetSci.448","article-title":"Evaluation of factors affecting prognosis in traumatized cats","volume":"41","author":"Eris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eurasian J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2018.1495644","article-title":"Omaso-abomasal adenocarcinoma in a female Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"46","author":"Tharwat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"A Guide Book of Camel Surgery","author":"Telfah","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2793-7","article-title":"Management guidelines for penetrating abdominal trauma","volume":"39","author":"Biffl","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27.25336795","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.27.25336795","article-title":"Management of penetrating injuries of abdomen and its outcome","volume":"9","author":"Shelar","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0471","article-title":"Abdominal hernias in camel (Camelus dromedaries): clinical findings and treatment outcomes","volume":"81","author":"Sadan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-019-02035-2","article-title":"The use of synthetic mesh in contaminated and infected abdominal wall repairs: challenging the dogma-A long-term prospective clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Birolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i8.2","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of thoracic and abdominal neoplasia in domestic ruminants: a systemic review","volume":"14","author":"Tharwat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-020-00194-3","article-title":"Systematic sonography looking for occult wounds: accuracy of an abdominal ultrasound adjunct in penetrating trauma","volume":"12","author":"Jagjit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.12.003","article-title":"Transabdominal ultrasonographic appearance of the gastrointestinal viscera of healthy camels (Camelus dromedaries)","volume":"93","author":"Tharwat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200103000-00011","article-title":"Role of ultrasonography in penetrating abdominal trauma: a prospective clinical study","volume":"50","author":"Udobi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1926549\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:30:03Z","timestamp":1790685003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1926549\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1926549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1926549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"1926549"}}