{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:18:14Z","timestamp":1788153494282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Solid-state Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["2023GTZD04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GTZD04"]}]},{"name":"Solid-state Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["2023GTYY06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GTYY06"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022B02057-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B02057-2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020771","name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32202685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"1.3.5 Talent Excellence Development Project-West China Hospital of Sichuan University","award":["ZYGD23034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGD23034"]}]},{"name":"General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2025ZNSFSC0269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC0269"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with thymol, carvacrol, and NE150 (a commercial blend containing 25% thymol and 25% carvacrol) at 120 mg\/kg on growth performance and feed intake, hypothalamic appetite-regulating gene expression and PI3K\/AKT\/SF-1 signaling, as well as intestinal morphology and cecal microbiota in broiler chicks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on preliminary dose-finding experiments (60, 120, and 240 mg\/kg), the 120 mg\/kg dose was selected for each additive as it showed the most favorable effects on growth performance (data not shown). A total of 180 one-day-old Arbor Acres male chicks were fed a basal diet from day 1 to 10, followed by a 3-day treatment period (days 10-13) with the respective diets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the control group, total feed intake at 72 h was reduced by thymol, carvacrol, and NE150 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Dietary supplementation with these compounds at 120 mg\/kg upregulated the hypothalamic mRNA expression of pro\u2011opiomelanocortin and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), while downregulating neuropeptide Y (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). These treatments also increased the mRNA levels of cholecystokinin and glucagon\u2011like peptide\u20111 receptor in both the hypothalamus and jejunum, and enhanced the protein expression of SF-1, p-PI3K, p-AKT473, p-AKT308, p-S6, and p-mTOR in the hypothalamus (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, supplementation with carvacrol or NE150 improved the jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio, and all three additives modulated the cecal microbiota by increasing microbial richness and diversity, as indicated by higher OTU numbers and Shannon index (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that thymol and carvacrol suppress feed intake in broiler chicks, at least in part, through activation of the hypothalamic PI3K\/AKT\/SF-1 pathway, while also improving intestinal morphology and cecal microbiota composition. These results suggest that thymol and carvacrol may serve as effective antibiotic alternatives in poultry nutrition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1930378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:27:56Z","timestamp":1788150476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-term supplementation of thymol and carvacrol regulates feed intake via the hypothalamic PI3K\/AKT\/SF-1 pathway and influences intestinal traits in chicks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Faculty of Quality Management and Inspection Quarantine, Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Agri-Food Standardization and Inspection, Yibin University","place":["Yibin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiancong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Diseases, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Diseases, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Faculty of Quality Management and Inspection Quarantine, Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Agri-Food Standardization and Inspection, Yibin University","place":["Yibin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Faculty of Quality Management and Inspection Quarantine, Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Agri-Food Standardization and Inspection, Yibin University","place":["Yibin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinyao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Faculty of Quality Management and Inspection Quarantine, Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Agri-Food Standardization and Inspection, Yibin University","place":["Yibin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liguo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solid-State Fermentation Resource Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Faculty of Quality Management and Inspection Quarantine, Sichuan Higher Education Engineering Research Center for Agri-Food Standardization and Inspection, Yibin University","place":["Yibin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science and Diseases, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00249","article-title":"History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds","volume":"86","author":"Castanon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02088","article-title":"Alternative growth promoters modulate broiler gut microbiome and enhance body weight gain","volume":"8","author":"Salaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1194256","article-title":"Natural antimicrobial\/antioxidant agents in meat and poultry products as well as fruits and vegetables: a review","volume":"58","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3358","article-title":"In vitro degradation and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets","volume":"88","author":"Michiels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739666","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1739666","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with a thymol-carvacrol blend on growth performance and intestinal health of poultry","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182899","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with cocrystals of thymol and carvacrol on quality, nutrient composition, and oxidative stability of broiler meat","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2025.105911","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with blended essential oils improves meat quality of broilers through SCFA-mediated gut-muscle axis","volume":"104","author":"Malhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132242","article-title":"Effects of thymol and carvacrol eutectic on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal health in broiler chickens","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02685","article-title":"Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Hashemipour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86990-w","article-title":"Thymol nanoemulsion promoted broiler chicken's growth, gastrointestinal barrier and bacterial community and conferred protection against Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302s","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006957","article-title":"Effect of macronutrient composition on short-term food intake and weight loss","volume":"6","author":"Bellissimo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.907","article-title":"Genetic regulation of feed intake and energy balance in poultry","volume":"82","author":"Richards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01015.2003","article-title":"Brain-gut axis and its role in the control of food intake","volume":"55","author":"Konturek","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0160100","article-title":"Gut hormones and regulation of food intake in birds","volume":"54","author":"Honda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660120073151","article-title":"Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 1. Intestinal weight and mucosal development","volume":"42","author":"Iji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.06.002","article-title":"Role of hypothalamic AMP-kinase in food intake regulation","volume":"24","author":"Minokoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.7.1478","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating feed intake, energy expenditure, and body weight in poultry","volume":"86","author":"Richards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.05.020","article-title":"Neuroendocrine mechanism of food intake and energy regulation in Japanese quail under differential simulated photoperiodic conditions: involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptides, AMPK, insulin and adiponectin receptors","volume":"185","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-4889(00)00022-7","article-title":"Widespread expression of Agouti-related protein (AGRP) in the chicken: a possible involvement of AGRP in regulating peripheral melanocortin systems in the chicken","volume":"1496","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.01.032","article-title":"Hypothalamic Akt-mediated signaling regulates food intake in chicks","volume":"670","author":"Saneyasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416740111","article-title":"The signaling phospholipid PIP3 creates a new interaction surface on the nuclear receptor SF-1","volume":"111","author":"Blind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00071","article-title":"Revisiting the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus: the roles of SF-1 neurons in energy homeostasis","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694957","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1694957","article-title":"Dietary energy levels regulate feed intake of broilers through the brain-gut axis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6049469","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6049469","article-title":"Transcriptomic changes in broiler chicken hypothalamus during growth and development","volume":"2018","author":"Pi\u00f3rkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Genomics"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.11.019","article-title":"SF-1 in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus: a key regulator of homeostasis","volume":"336","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162352","article-title":"Steroidogenic factor 1 in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates age-dependent obesity","volume":"11","author":"Kinyua","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121256","article-title":"Thymol protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via abrogation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and modulation of miR-29a\/TGF-\u03b2 and PI3K\/Akt signaling in mice","volume":"314","author":"Hussein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.109825","article-title":"Carvacrol protects against diabetes-induced hypercontractility in the aorta through activation of the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12995","article-title":"Thymol in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens after sustained administration of thyme essential oil in feed","volume":"103","author":"Oce\u013eov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/12.4.394","article-title":"Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660701463221","article-title":"The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age","volume":"48","author":"Cross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14111323","article-title":"Dietary thymol-carvacrol cocrystal supplementation improves growth performance, antioxidant status, and intestinal health in broiler chickens","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101163","article-title":"Effects of oregano essential oil as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, antioxidant status, and intestinal health of broilers","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06951-0","article-title":"Exendin-4 reduces food intake via the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in the hypothalamus","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174611","article-title":"AgRP\/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity","volume":"915","author":"Vohra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nn885","article-title":"A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphodiesterase 3B-cyclic AMP pathway in hypothalamic action of leptin on feeding","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0180127","article-title":"Role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the central regulation of feeding behavior in chicks","volume":"56","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1054\/npep.2002.0895","article-title":"Actions of CCK in the controls of food intake and body weight: lessons from the CCK-A receptor deficient OLETF rat","volume":"36","author":"Bi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.12.004","article-title":"Characterization of the feeding inhibition and neural activation produced by dorsomedial hypothalamic cholecystokinin administration","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.22092\/ARI.2022.357300.2015","article-title":"Interactions of cholecystokinin and glutamatergic systems in feeding behavior of neonatal chickens","volume":"77","author":"Jelokhani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Razi Inst"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000859","article-title":"Gut hormones and appetite regulation","volume":"31","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793004","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.793004","article-title":"GLP-1 suppresses feeding behaviors and modulates neuronal electrophysiological properties in multiple brain regions","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/379069a0","article-title":"A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding","volume":"379","author":"Turton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(74)81090-2","article-title":"Control of membrane lipid fluidity in Acholeplasma laidlawii","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"1974","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(97)01391-5","article-title":"The central corticotropin-releasing factor and glucagon-like peptide-1 in food intake of the neonatal chick","volume":"339","author":"Furuse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1052","article-title":"Long term exendin-4 treatment reduces food intake and body weight and alters expression of brain homeostatic and reward markers","volume":"155","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02448","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial responses to Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis: effects on intestinal permeability and ion transport","volume":"91","author":"Awad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-012510-175505","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Musso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0367-2","article-title":"Host-microbiota interactions in immune-mediated diseases","volume":"18","author":"Ruff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.x","article-title":"A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol","volume":"91","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00420","article-title":"In vitro anticoccidial study of oregano and garlic essential oils and effects on growth performance, fecal oocyst output, and intestinal microbiota in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Sidiropoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1930378\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:27:58Z","timestamp":1788150478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1930378\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1930378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1930378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"1930378"}}