{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:59:53Z","timestamp":1790866793927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amoxicillin is a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic in pig farming, valued for its cost-effectiveness and efficacy in addressing prevalent swine ailments. However, the specific effects on the gut microbiota of stud boars and the trajectory of microbial recovery post-antibiotic withdrawal remain insufficiently elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the dynamic trajectory of gut microbiota in 40 Large White (LW), 47 Landrace (LAN), and 16 Duroc (DUR) stud boars before (D0), during (D7), and after (D14) amoxicillin administration (100\u202fmg\/kg of feed from D3 to D7) using 16S rRNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Amoxicillin significantly reduced alpha diversity (measured by observed species and the Shannon index) in LW and LAN stud boars at D7, with partial recovery by D14. In contrast, DUR stud boars showed no significant changes in diversity. Principal coordinate analysis revealed distinct microbial community structures across different time points, with samples from D7 forming a separate cluster, distinct from those collected on D0 and D14. At the genus level,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were predominant in LW and LAN, with relative abundances increasing during amoxicillin treatment and decreasing post-withdrawal. In DUR stud boars,\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were more abundant. Functional predictions indicated changes in KEGG pathways related to metabolism and drug resistance. These findings highlight the breed-specific responses of gut microbiota to amoxicillin. While LW and LAN showed signs of recovery after the withdrawal of the antibiotic, DUR exhibited resilience.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, this study aids in optimizing antibiotic use in pig farming, reducing resistance risks, and promoting sustainable animal health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1930671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:43:24Z","timestamp":1790865804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic changes in gut microbiota of three breeds of stud boars pre- and post-amoxicillin administration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liusheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhelong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150132719886942","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132719886942","article-title":"Assessment of antibiotic prescribing patterns at outpatient pharmacy using World Health Organization prescribing indicators","volume":"10","author":"Yimenu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19283","article-title":"Evaluation and management of penicillin 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