{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:49:55Z","timestamp":1791355795995,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Equines represent an underexplored yet highly relevant model for studying neurological diseases within a\n                    <jats:italic>One Health<\/jats:italic>\n                    framework. Here, we report the first establishment of post-natal equine brain-derived\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    systems, including equine primary post-natal brain-derived cells (EpBCs) and their immortalized counterparts (EiBCs). EpBCs were isolated from the hippocampus and successfully expanded, while immortalization via Simian virus 40 large T antigen generated EiBCs lines with distinct transcriptomic reprogramming characterized by cell cycle activation and partial dedifferentiation. Despite testing three non-integrating approaches\u2014Sendai virus, episomal vectors, and synthetic mRNA\u2014no induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-like colonies were detected under the tested conditions, possibly reflecting a combination of species-specific, cell-intrinsic, and donor-specific factors, as well as culture conditions, factor compatibility, and delivery efficiency. Together, these findings establish a foundational equine brain-derived cell platform and highlight key challenges in equine reprogramming. Its\n                    <jats:italic>One Health<\/jats:italic>\n                    relevance is prospective, as this system may support future comparative neurological research and the development of equine brain organoids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1931938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:53:29Z","timestamp":1791352409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Equine (Equus caballus) primary post-natal brain-derived cells: immortalization and preliminary reprogramming attempts to induced pluripotent stem cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Molinari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Lucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Vogiatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Moccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Babbucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Peruzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Negrisolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Barzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Centelleghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Mazzariol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina Elena Giuditta","family":"Zappulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua","place":["Padua, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2022.04.003","article-title":"Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy and degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"38","author":"Finno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterin Clin North America Equine Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106129","article-title":"Current insights into equine neuroaxonal dystrophy\/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"305","author":"Young","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Cummings JF","volume-title":"Equine Motor Neuron Disease","author":"Divers","year":""},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"357","article-title":"Equine motor neuron disease; a preliminary report","volume":"80","author":"Cummings","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2010.11.006","article-title":"Mapping of equine cerebellar abiotrophy to ECA2 and identification of a potential causative mutation affecting expression of MUTYH","volume":"97","author":"Brault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.007","article-title":"Alzheimer-like pathology in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of aged donkeys","volume":"113","author":"Malbon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcaf287","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf287","article-title":"Spontaneous mammalian models for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia","volume":"7","author":"Ford","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0823-8","article-title":"Defining trends in global gene expression in Arabian horses with cerebellar abiotrophy","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.10.034","article-title":"Variation in MUTYH expression in Arabian horses with cerebellar abiotrophy","volume":"1678","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160844","article-title":"Locally acquired eastern equine encephalitis virus disease, Arkansas, USA","volume":"22","author":"Garlick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010005","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo phenotypes of Venezuelan, eastern and western equine encephalitis viruses derived from cDNA clones of human isolates","volume":"15","author":"Gardner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1603.090346","article-title":"Rickettsia africae, Western Africa","volume":"16","author":"Mediannikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100279","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid\u2014the clever caper","volume":"9","author":"Lundberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.6.2784-2796.2006","article-title":"Replication and clearance of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus from the brains of animals vaccinated with chimeric SIN\/VEE viruses","volume":"80","author":"Paessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Kadoi","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00675-3","article-title":"Neuropathology, pathomechanism, and transmission in zoonotic Borna disease virus 1 infection: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Jungb\u00e4ck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2022.2141224","article-title":"Understanding host responses to equine encephalitis virus infection: implications for therapeutic development","volume":"20","author":"Kehn-Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.03.028","article-title":"Veterinary applications of induced pluripotent stem cells: regenerative medicine and models for disease?","volume":"198","author":"Cebrian-Serrano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043459","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids: their implication in COVID-19 modeling","volume":"24","author":"Cs\u00f6b\u00f6nyeiov\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3815","article-title":"Organoids are promising tools for species-specific in vitro toxicological studies","volume":"39","author":"Augustyniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00339","article-title":"Cerebral organoid models for neurotropic viruses","volume":"5","author":"Antonucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830432","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.830432","article-title":"Modeling human primary microcephaly with hiPSC-derived brain organoids carrying CPAP-E1235V disease-associated mutant protein. Front cell","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278147","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278147","article-title":"Pax6 mutant cerebral organoids partially recapitulate phenotypes of Pax6 mutant mouse strains","volume":"17","author":"Ferdaos","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134433","article-title":"Mouse induced pluripotent stem cells-derived Alzheimer\u2019s disease cerebral organoid culture and neural differentiation disorders","volume":"711","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.10.097","article-title":"Modelling monogenic autism spectrum disorder using mouse cortical organoids","volume":"521","author":"Hali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03262-7","article-title":"Human iNSC-derived brain organoid model of lysosomal storage disorder in Niemann-Pick disease type C","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.744","article-title":"Evaluation of neurotoxicity with human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids","volume":"3","author":"Parmentier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020234","article-title":"Modeling of hypoxic brain injury through 3D human neural organoids","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777591101","article-title":"What can we learn by growing equine cells in culture?","volume":"32","author":"Shepherd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071120","article-title":"Brain and retinal organoids for disease modeling: the importance of in vitro blood\u2013brain and retinal barriers studies","volume":"11","author":"Martinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech12010014","article-title":"Cell immortalization: in vivo molecular bases and in vitro techniques for obtention","volume":"12","author":"de Bardet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotech"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Drug Absorption Studies. Biotechnology: Pharmaceutical Aspects","author":"De Semir","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-018-0264-9","article-title":"A prospect of cell immortalization combined with matrix microenvironmental optimization strategy for tissue engineering and regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030417","article-title":"Cell immortality: in vitro effective techniques to achieve and investigate its applications and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Chalak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12716","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612716","article-title":"Practical use of immortalized cells in medicine: current advances and future perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Voloshin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10137","article-title":"Immortality of cell lines: challenges and advantages of establishment","volume":"37","author":"Maqsood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00412-012-0379-4","article-title":"The catalytic and the RNA subunits of human telomerase are required to immortalize equid primary fibroblasts","volume":"121","author":"Vidale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.08.041","article-title":"In vitro simian virus 40 large tumor antigen expression correlates with differential immune responses following DNA immunization","volume":"332","author":"Lowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.10.008","article-title":"SV40 large T antigen-induced immortalization reprograms mouse cardiomyocyte progenitors with mesenchymal stem cell characteristics and osteogenic potential","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.01.053","article-title":"Immortalization of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of Rhesus monkey by transfection with human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Establishment Methods and Research Progress of Livestock and Poultry Immortalized Cell Lines: A Review","author":"Rasheed Baloch","year":""},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences","author":"Stacey","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2001.47","article-title":"Immortalization of human embryonic fibroblasts by overexpression of c-myc and simian virus 40 large T antigen","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"ref44","author":"Stacey","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.07.013","article-title":"L-MYC expression maintains self-renewal and prolongs multipotency of primary human neural stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0259-3","article-title":"Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00904-2","article-title":"Organoids: a promising new in vitro platform in livestock and veterinary research","volume":"52","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"van den Boom R","volume-title":"Companion Animal Organoid Technology to Advance Veterinary Regenerative Medicine","author":"Earl Jergens","year":""},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247125","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247125","article-title":"Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technologies","volume":"345","author":"Lancaster","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0248-y","article-title":"Organoids in immunological research","volume":"20","author":"Bar-Ephraim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00911-3","article-title":"Organoids in domestic animals: with which stem cells?","volume":"52","author":"Pain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895379","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2022.895379","article-title":"Farm and companion animal organoid models in translational research: a powerful tool to bridge the gap between mice and humans","volume":"4","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03302-x","article-title":"A beginner\u2019s guide on the use of brain organoids for neuroscientists: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mulder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.245","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell technology: a decade of progress","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1071\/RD07039","article-title":"Embryonic stem cells in companion animals (horses, dogs and cats): present status and future prospects","volume":"19","author":"Tecirlioglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12392","article-title":"Stem cells and regenerative medicine in domestic and companion animals: a multispecies perspective","volume":"49","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23.15.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb2315s97","article-title":"Reprogramming of mouse, rat, pig, and human fibroblasts into iPS cells","volume":"97","author":"Rajarajan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2011.04.003","article-title":"Embryonic stem cells and iPS cells: sources and characteristics","volume":"27","author":"Hackett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterin Clin North America. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-0774.2005.tb00003.x","article-title":"Derivation and induction of the differentiation of animal ES cells as well as human pluripotent stem cells derived from fetal membrane","volume":"18","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Cell. Off. J. Human Cell Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Verma","year":""},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02696-7","article-title":"The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Scarfone","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-012-9412-5","article-title":"Generation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from primary somatic cells","volume":"9","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"ref63","volume-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Turksen","year":""},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010206","article-title":"Reprogramming methods do not affect gene expression profile of human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"18","author":"Trevisan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0346","article-title":"Improved efficiency and pace of generating induced pluripotent stem cells from human adult and fetal fibroblasts","volume":"26","author":"Mali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","author":"Nagy","year":""},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03190-3","article-title":"High-efficiency RNA-based reprogramming of human primary fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Kogut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.019","article-title":"Reprogramming human fibroblasts to pluripotency using modified mRNA","volume":"8","author":"Mandal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3358","article-title":"A synthetic mRNA cell reprogramming method using CYCLIN D1 promotes DNA repair, generating improved genetically stable human induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"39","author":"Alvarez-Palomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8148","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158148","article-title":"Application of modified mRNA in somatic reprogramming to pluripotency and directed conversion of cell fate","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.88","article-title":"Immortalization of human normal and NF1 neurofibroma Schwann cells","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13358","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a new conditionally immortalized human astrocyte cell line","volume":"136","author":"Furihata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.75.6.2604-2516.2001","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 induces expression of complement factors in human astrocytes","volume":"75","author":"Speth","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.021","article-title":"Production of IL-8, IL-17, IFN-gamma and IP-10 in human astrocytes correlates with alphavirus attenuation","volume":"163","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719848355","article-title":"Immunological characteristics and properties of glial restricted progenitors of mice, canine primary culture suspensions, and human QSV40 immortalized cell lines for prospective therapies of neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"28","author":"Klimczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2025.102597","article-title":"Modeling glioma intratumoral heterogeneity with primary human neural stem and progenitor cells","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-36","article-title":"Differential development of neuronal physiological responsiveness in two human neural stem cell lines","volume":"8","author":"Donato","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"ref78","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"Kandel","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2012.01607.x","article-title":"Immortalization of neuronal progenitors using SV40 large T antigen and differentiation towards dopaminergic neurons","volume":"16","author":"Alwin Prem Anand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0472-1","article-title":"Development and characterization of a human microglia cell model of HIV-1 infection","volume":"23","author":"Rawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0499-3","article-title":"Immortalization of primary microglia: a new platform to study HIV regulation in the central nervous system","volume":"23","author":"Garcia-Mesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027324230923","article-title":"Characterization of three human oligodendroglial cell lines as a model to study oligodendrocyte injury: morphology and oligodendrocyte-specific gene expression","volume":"32","author":"Buntinx","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurocytol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020410","article-title":"Long-term survival of transplanted autologous canine liver organoids in a COMMD1-deficient dog model of metabolic liver disease","volume":"9","author":"Kruitwagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.02.015","article-title":"Long-term adult feline liver organoid cultures for disease modeling of hepatic steatosis","volume":"8","author":"Kruitwagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.09.002","article-title":"Disease modeling and gene therapy of copper storage disease in canine hepatic organoids","volume":"5","author":"Nantasanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052600","article-title":"Establishment of 3d neuro-organoids derived from pig embryonic stem-like cells","volume":"22","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15670","article-title":"Identification of potential drugs for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in cats using an in vitro feline liver organoid system","volume":"34","author":"Haaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00916-y","article-title":"Liver organoids in domestic animals: an expected promise for metabolic studies","volume":"52","author":"Baquerre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0152","article-title":"Concise review: organoids are a powerful tool for the study of liver disease and personalized treatment design in humans and animals","volume":"5","author":"Nantasanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl Med"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00059","article-title":"Prospects and challenges of induced pluripotent stem cells in equine health","volume":"2","author":"Donadeu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucl Acid Res"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471779059","volume-title":"Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes","author":"O'Brien","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.028","article-title":"Molecular diversity and specializations among the cells of the adult mouse brain","volume":"174","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The sequence alignment\/map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X687822","article-title":"Comparative characterization of human and equine mesenchymal stromal cells: a basis for translational studies in the equine model","volume":"25","author":"Hillmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007648721564","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of equine autonomic ganglion cell lines to enable direct testing of candidate toxins involved in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness)","volume":"16","author":"John","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Biol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01147.x","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and establishment of an equine retinal glial cell line: a prerequisite to investigate the physiological function of M\u00fcller cells in the retina","volume":"96","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2024.114952","article-title":"Establishment of a new equine embryo brain primary cell culture with long-term expansion","volume":"328","author":"Kasem","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36016","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036016","article-title":"Identification of the rostral migratory stream in the canine and feline brain","volume":"7","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24818","article-title":"Adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the dorsal and ventral canine hippocampus","volume":"528","author":"Bekiari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-012-1053-x","article-title":"Postnatal neural precursor cell regions in the rostral subventricular zone, hippocampal subgranular zone and cerebellum of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris)","volume":"139","author":"Walton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.03.017","article-title":"Neurogenesis and precursor cell differences in the dorsal and ventral adult canine hippocampus","volume":"593","author":"Lowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00089","article-title":"A protocol for isolation and enriched monolayer cultivation of neural precursor cells from mouse dentate gyrus","volume":"5","author":"Babu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4843","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4843","article-title":"Isolation and culture of neural stem\/progenitor cells from the hippocampal dentate gyrus of young adult and aged rats","volume":"13","author":"Afhami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100522","article-title":"Protocol for mouse adult neural stem cell isolation and culture","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10282","article-title":"Isolation and propagation of neural stem cells in caprine (Capra hircus)","volume":"38","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X692852","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of immortalized minipig neural stem cell line","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298685","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1298685","article-title":"Dual isolation of primary neurons and oligodendrocytes from guinea pig frontal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Moloney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06301-4","article-title":"Neurospheres: a potential in vitro model for the study of central nervous system disorders","volume":"48","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23855","article-title":"Morphological and cellular characterization of the fetal canine (Canis lupus familiaris) subventricular zone, rostral migratory stream, and olfactory bulb","volume":"301","author":"Orechio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19971201)50:5<862::AID-JNR22>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Isolation and transplantation of multipotential populations of epidermal growth factor-responsive, neural progenitor cells from the canine brain","volume":"50","author":"Milward","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2021.136293","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of neural stem cells from fetal canine spinal cord","volume":"765","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.12.011","article-title":"In vitro growth and differentiation of canine olfactory bulb-derived neural progenitor cells under variable culture conditions","volume":"169","author":"Walton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2014.0009","article-title":"Sorting of Sox1-GFP mouse embryonic stem cells enhances neuronal identity acquisition upon factor-free monolayer differentiation","volume":"3","author":"Incitti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biores Open Access"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.06.008","article-title":"In vitro isolation of neural precursor cells from the adult pig subventricular zone","volume":"182","author":"Liard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761843","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/761843","article-title":"Characterization of porcine ventral mesencephalic precursor cells following long-term propagation in 3d culture","volume":"2012","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.12.1963","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of neural progenitor cells from adult canine brains","volume":"73","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3821-6","article-title":"Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future","volume":"397","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11165","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11165","article-title":"Transfection types, methods and strategies: a technical review","volume":"9","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701031","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.701031","article-title":"An overview of methods and tools for transfection of eukaryotic cells in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Fus-Kujawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7729","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209046","article-title":"SV40 large T antigen targets multiple cellular pathways to elicit cellular transformation","volume":"24","author":"Ahuja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-018-0272-y","article-title":"Development and biochemical and immunological characterization of early passage and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell lines from the ileum of a young calf","volume":"71","author":"Katwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-013-9641-1","article-title":"Immortalized mouse dental papilla mesenchymal cells preserve odontoblastic phenotype and respond to bone morphogenetic protein 2","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1297550","article-title":"Immortalized sheep microglial cells are permissive to a diverse range of ruminant viruses","volume":"37","author":"Stanton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.01.028","article-title":"Immortalization and characterization of lineage-restricted neuronal progenitor cells derived from the porcine olfactory bulb","volume":"170","author":"Uebing-Czipura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02631258","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of immortalized clonal cell lines from fetal rat mesencephalic tissue","volume":"30","author":"Prasad","year":"1994","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2000)036<0045:EOACLF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Establishment of astrocyte cell lines from sheep genetically susceptible to scrapie","volume":"36","author":"Vilette","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. In Vitro Biol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03997-3","article-title":"Establishment and evaluation of an immortalized dzo kidney cell line","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-05204-x","article-title":"Development of an immortalized porcine intramuscular pre-adipocyte cell line to facilitate adipogenic investigation in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221136297","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of neural stem cell lineage markers in canine brains, gliomas, and a glioma cell line","volume":"60","author":"Yoshida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3965","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3965","article-title":"Immunofluorescence characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn microglia and astrocytes in horses","volume":"5","author":"Meneses","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59213-x","article-title":"Gene expression in immortalized versus primary isolated cardiac endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00908-9","article-title":"The transcriptome of wild-type and immortalized corneal epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Furuya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8814989","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8814989","article-title":"In vitro induction of pluripotency from equine fibroblasts in 20% or 5% oxygen","volume":"2020","author":"De Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393791","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1393791","article-title":"Generation and miRNA characterization of equine induced pluripotent stem cells derived from fetal and adult multipotent tissues","volume":"2019","author":"Pessoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429160","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/429160","article-title":"Induction of pluripotency in adult equine fibroblasts without c-MYC","volume":"2012","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04671-1","article-title":"Generation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells from cells of embryonic, perinatal and adult tissues","volume":"16","author":"Barrachina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Therap."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0461","article-title":"Generation and characterization of leukemia inhibitory factor-dependent equine induced pluripotent stem cells from adult dermal fibroblasts","volume":"23","author":"Whitworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref141","volume-title":"Conversion of Equine Umbilical Cord Matrix Mesenchymal Stem Cells to the Trophectoderm Lineage Using the Yamanaka Reprogramming Factors","author":"Reinholt","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9239-5","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from equine fibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Nagy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1664224","article-title":"Differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells into mesenchymal lineage for therapeutic use","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X691691","article-title":"Generation of equine-induced pluripotent stem cells and analysis of their therapeutic potential for muscle injuries","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00055","article-title":"Equine induced pluripotent stem cells have a reduced tendon differentiation capacity compared to embryonic stem cells","volume":"2","author":"Bavin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz168","article-title":"Resiliency of equid H19 imprint to somatic cell reprogramming by oocyte nuclear transfer and genetically induced pluripotency","volume":"102","author":"Poirier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12345","article-title":"Immune potential of allogeneic equine induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"47","author":"Aguiar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13504","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13504","article-title":"Identification of a global gene expression signature associated with the genetic risk of catastrophic fracture in iPSC-derived osteoblasts from thoroughbred horses","volume":"56","author":"Palomino Lago","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim Genet"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2018.0023","article-title":"Generation of functional myocytes from equine induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Amilon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Reprogram"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2012.0052","article-title":"Derivation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells from equine fibroblasts","volume":"22","author":"Breton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e033514","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.033514","article-title":"Osteoblast differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Baird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-023-00800-3","article-title":"Equine induced pluripotent stem cells are responsive to inflammatory cytokines before and after differentiation into musculoskeletal cell types","volume":"59","author":"Palomino Lago","year":"2023","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.12.005","article-title":"Equine-induced pluripotent stem cells retain lineage commitment toward myogenic and chondrogenic fates","volume":"6","author":"Quattrocelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2025.106351","article-title":"Comparison of equine-induced pluripotent stem cell characteristics induced on different cell adhesion substrates","volume":"312","author":"Kushida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2013.0457","article-title":"Three-dimensional culture and transforming growth factor beta3 synergistically promote tenogenic differentiation of equine embryo-derived stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Barsby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39370-4","article-title":"A novel mechanism for the protection of embryonic stem cell derived tenocytes from inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta","volume":"9","author":"McClellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164049","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo development of horse cloned embryos generated with iPSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells and fetal or adult fibroblasts as nuclear donors","volume":"11","author":"Olivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-024-10693-8","article-title":"Equine embryonic stem cell-derived tenocytes are insensitive to a combination of inflammatory cytokines and have distinct molecular responses compared to primary tenocytes","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03550-0","article-title":"Isolation of embryonic stem-like cells from equine blastocysts and their differentiation in vitro","volume":"531","author":"Saito","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12438","article-title":"Differentiation of equine induced pluripotent stem cells into a keratinocyte lineage","volume":"48","author":"Aguiar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdev.2025.204003","article-title":"Equine adult, fetal and ESC-tenocytes have differential migratory, proliferative and gene expression responses to factors upregulated in the injured tendon","volume":"181","author":"Beaumont","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells. Develop."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0120","article-title":"Equine fetal, adult, and embryonic stem cell-derived tenocytes are all immune privileged but exhibit different immune suppressive properties in vitro","volume":"28","author":"McClellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0409","article-title":"Generation, characterization, and multilineage potency of mesenchymal-like progenitors derived from equine induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Lepage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells. Develop."},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2022.0274","article-title":"In vitro transdifferentiation potential of equine mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann-like cells","volume":"32","author":"de Oliveira Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2022.0300","article-title":"Opening the \u201cblack box\u201d underlying barriers to the use of canine induced pluripotent stem cells: a narrative review","volume":"32","author":"Kuzma-Hunt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.01.025","article-title":"The road less travelled: the efficacy of canine pluripotent stem cells","volume":"377","author":"Menon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129287","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1129287","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells from domesticated ruminants and their potential for enhancing livestock production","volume":"10","author":"Gerner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021815-111202","article-title":"Pluripotent stem cells from domesticated mammals","volume":"4","author":"Ezashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Anim Biosci"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaa343","DOI":"10.1093\/JAS\/SKAA343","article-title":"Induced pluripotent stem cells from farm animals","volume":"98","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1931938\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:53:35Z","timestamp":1791352415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1931938\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":169,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1931938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1931938","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"article-number":"1931938"}}