{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:08:18Z","timestamp":1788959298455,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Our study aimed to investigate the efficacy of exogenous enzymes on the nutrient digestibility of ducks\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . First, a two-stage simulated digestion assay for ducks was used to evaluate the\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and energy (IVED) of wheat, rice, and broken rice samples, as well as cottonseed meal (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM), and peanut meal (PNM) samples. Then, the improvements in IVDMD and IVED in wheat 3, rice 4, CSM 3, and RSM 3\u2014the ingredients with the lowest nutritive values\u2014with and without exogenous enzyme supplementation were evaluated. To verify the efficacy of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , four diets, including a positive control (PC) diet (corn\u2013wheat\u2013soybean meal\u2013RSM-based diet), a negative control (NC) diet with a low nutrient level, an NC diet + non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes, and an NC diet + NSP enzymes + protease, were fed to Cherry Valley ducks from days 14 to days 42. Compared with the control, single-NSP-enzyme supplementation increased IVDMD by 3.27% and IVED by 2.85%, and the combined-enzyme addition increased IVDMD by 6.04% and IVED by 6.20% in wheat 3, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Supplementation of NSP enzymes alone or with the protease increased the final BW and average daily gain (ADG) and improved the feed\/gain ratio (F\/G), as well as the digestibility of DM, energy, crude protein, and some amino acids (Thr, Met, Ile, Lys, Arg) in ducks fed the NC diet (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). In conclusion, exogenous enzymes improved the nutrient digestibility of wheat and RSM as well as the corn\u2013wheat\u2013soybean meal\u2013RSM basal diet\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively, contributing to the improvement in growth performance of ducks fed a diet with reduced nutrient levels. The consistency of the beneficial effects of exogenous enzymes between\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions suggests that an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assay could be developed into a quick and reliable method for assessing the efficacy of exogenous enzymes in ducks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1939685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:39:11Z","timestamp":1788957551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the efficacy of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility of ducks in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hai-lin","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-cai","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Laboratory for Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Jinji Farm Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd.","place":["Anshun, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Open Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Tongren Polytechnic University","place":["Tongren, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-ce","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songbai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wens Food Group Co. Ltd.","place":["Yunfu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-wen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.11.001","article-title":"Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: a review","volume":"5","author":"Sugiharto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez322","article-title":"The effect of raw and fermented rapeseed cake on growth performance, carcass traits, and breast meat quality in Turkey","volume":"98","author":"Drazbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez326","article-title":"Fermentation of flaxseed cake increases its nutritional value and utilization in ducklings","volume":"98","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660120103684","article-title":"Relationships between digestibilities of food components and characteristics of wheats (Triticum aestivum) introduced as the only cereal source in a broiler chicken diet","volume":"43","author":"Carre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.5.805","article-title":"Effects of microflora status, dietary bile salts and guar gum on lipid digestibility, intestinal bile salts, and histomorphology in broiler chickens","volume":"82","author":"Maisonnier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"293","article-title":"Studies on the mode of action of non-starch-polysaccharides (NSP) degrading enzymes in vitro, 1: effects on the fractions of NSP","volume":"51","author":"Aulrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew297","article-title":"Effect of exogenous xylanase, amylase, and protease as single or combined activities on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of broilers fed corn\/soy diets","volume":"96","author":"Amerah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1998.tb00635.x","article-title":"Digestibility of non-starch polysaccharide-bound sugar in the triticale and enzyme diet of chicks, ducks and geese","volume":"79","author":"Jamroz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6636","article-title":"Developing a computer-controlled simulated digestion system to predict the concentration of metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for rooster","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03532","article-title":"Using a computer-controlled simulated digestion system to predict the energetic value of corn for ducks","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2555","article-title":"Biochemical characteristics of wheat and their relation with apparent metabolisable energy value in broilers with or without non-starch polysaccharide enzyme","volume":"86","author":"Maisonnier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390109381963","article-title":"Studies on the mode of action of non-starch-polysaccharides (NSP)-degrading enzymes in vitro, 2. 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of supplementation of phytase and its combination with xylanase, amylase, and protease on growth performance, carcass quality and nutrient utilization of yellow-feathered broilers fed diets with lower nutritional density","volume":"105","author":"Xuri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.1.77","article-title":"Age-related influence of a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease or phytase individually or in combination in broilers","volume":"86","author":"Olukosi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"SAS System for Windows (Version 9.2) [Computer software]","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary 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