{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:55:00Z","timestamp":1790607300274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (ETCL) is an uncommon form of canine cutaneous lymphoma involving the oral mucosa and mucocutaneous junctions. Information regarding optimal treatment strategies and prognosis is limited. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has demonstrated efficacy against various cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in dogs and cats; however, reports describing its use for canine oral ETCL are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case description<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 13-year-old male Beagle presented with multiple nodular lesions involving the right maxillary gingiva, buccal mucosa, and mandibular gingiva. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed CD8-positive epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma, with more than 90% of neoplastic cells expressing CD3 and CD8. Initial treatment with oclacitinib resulted in a reduction in the size and number of the oral lesions; however, disease progression was observed after 149 days. Bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy (BLM-ECT) was subsequently performed using intravenous bleomycin (20 mg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) followed by electric pulse delivery with a four-needle electrode (1,000 V\/cm, eight pulses). Two BLM-ECT sessions were administered on days 205 and 238, resulting in marked reduction in the size and number of the oral lesions and prolonged local disease control. On day 354, enlargement of the left mandibular lymph node was observed. Histopathological examination revealed extensive necrosis that precluded definitive determination of lymphoma involvement. Although residual CD3-positive lymphocytes were identified, neither flow cytometry nor polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) confirmed a neoplastic lymphoid population. A third BLM-ECT session was performed on day 555 for recurrent erythematous lesions of the median upper and lower lip mucosa, in which T-cell lymphoma was histologically confirmed. At the latest evaluation on day 608, no grossly visible oral lesions were detected, and there was no clinical evidence of systemic dissemination. The dog remained clinically well.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BLM-ECT provided prolonged local disease control in a dog with recurrent multifocal oral CD8-positive ETCL that had progressed despite oclacitinib treatment. Unusual necrotic changes also developed in regional lymph nodes. The etiology of these changes remained undetermined, and a causal relationship with ECT could not be established. Investigation of pathological and immunological changes following ECT is warranted. BLM-ECT may represent a feasible and repeatable local treatment option for selected dogs with oral ETCL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1942467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:56:27Z","timestamp":1790603787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy for recurrent oral CD8-positive epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma in a dog with durable local control and necrotic regional lymph node changes: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Akiyoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Akiyoshi Animal Clinic","place":["Yamato, Kanagawa, Japan"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaharu","family":"Hisasue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University","place":["Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810379428","article-title":"Classification of canine malignant lymphomas according to the World Health Organization criteria","volume":"48","author":"Valli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2016.1152633","article-title":"Canine lymphoma: a review","volume":"36","author":"Zandvliet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Q."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050342","article-title":"Review of canine lymphoma treated with chemotherapy-outcomes and prognostic factors","volume":"10","author":"Bennett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2008.00176.x","article-title":"Canine cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma: a review","volume":"7","author":"Fontaine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00793.x","article-title":"Canine cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma: a review of 30 cases","volume":"21","author":"Fontaine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221140818","article-title":"Prognostic clinical and histopathological features of canine cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma","volume":"60","author":"Dettwiler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Pathol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12504","article-title":"Clinical outcome and prognosis of dogs with histopathological features consistent with epitheliotropic lymphoma: a retrospective study of 148 cases (2003-2015)","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.04.006","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in Veterinary Oncology: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Spugnini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868989","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.868989","article-title":"Veterinary guidelines for electrochemotherapy of superficial tumors","volume":"9","author":"Tellado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12980","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in dogs and cats-A review","volume":"22","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"343","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy for localized lymphoma: a preliminary study in companion animals","volume":"26","author":"Spugnini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1089\/mab.2020.0002","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of monoclonal antibody against canine CD8 alpha","volume":"39","author":"Sakai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00756.x","article-title":"Response of canine cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma to lomustine (CCNU): a retrospective study of 46 cases (1999-2004)","volume":"20","author":"Risbon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02833.x","article-title":"CCNU in the treatment of canine epitheliotropic lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"281","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell epitheliotropic lymphoma","volume":"64","author":"Pye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12976","article-title":"Treatment of canine cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma with oclacitinib: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Aslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13366","article-title":"Short-term administration of oclacitinib with concomitant medications in canine epitheliotropic lymphoma: a retrospective study of eight dogs","volume":"36","author":"Baba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.24-0432","article-title":"A case of lingual lymphoma in a dog treated with oclacitinib","volume":"87","author":"Nishimori","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00814.x","article-title":"Canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an investigation of T-cell receptor immunophenotype, lesion topography and molecular clonality","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.04.003","article-title":"Nonselective lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy","volume":"49","author":"Liptak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6433","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31100478","article-title":"Clinical insights and future prospects: a comprehensive narrative review on immunomodulation induced by electrochemotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Ferioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336866","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1336866","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy combined with immunotherapy - a promising potential in the treatment of cancer","volume":"14","author":"Hadzialjevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2026.v16.i6.41","article-title":"Long-term persistence of elevated serum amyloid A levels after clinical remission of feline upper respiratory tract disease: two case reports with adjunctive Huaier administration","volume":"16","author":"Akiyoshi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Vet. J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1942467\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:56:28Z","timestamp":1790603788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1942467\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2026.1942467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2026.1942467","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"1942467"}}