{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:00:56Z","timestamp":1790744456341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32573458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32273086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32273086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nanoplastics (NPs) can act as carriers for heavy metals, and co-exposure to NPs and co-pollutants may produce greater toxicity than single exposure. However, the combined toxicity of nanoplastics and heavy metals in poultry liver cells remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Primary duck embryonic hepatocytes (PDEH) were used as an\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model. Cells were exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 80 nm, 10 \u03bcg\/mL) and\/or cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 4 \u03bcg\/mL) for 12 h. Pyroptosis- and apoptosis-associated endpoints were assessed by brightfield microscopy, PI staining, SEM, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5 \u03bcg\/mL) was used to evaluate the responses of these pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Co-exposure to PS-NPs and Cd potentiated cadmium-induced pyroptosis-associated morphological changes, including cell swelling, rounding, membrane blebbing, and surface pore formation. Mechanistically, co-exposure activated the NLRP3\/Caspase-1\/GSDMD signaling axis, as indicated by increased NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1 (P20\/P10), GSDMD-NT, and intracellular IL-1\u03b2 maturation. Co-exposure also exacerbated apoptosis-associated changes, including an increased Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio and a higher Annexin V-positive cell population. NAC effectively reversed the apoptosis-associated endpoints but did not significantly alter the selected pyroptosis-associated markers under the present\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that PS-NPs potentiate Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in primary duck hepatocytes, with concurrent activation of pyroptosis- and apoptosis-associated signaling. The differential responses to NAC indicate that antioxidant intervention may preferentially attenuate apoptosis-associated injury under the present\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure conditions, while pyroptosis-associated signaling may require alternative targeted interventions. These results provide new insights into the combined toxicity of nanoplastics and heavy metals in avian hepatocytes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1946639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:49:14Z","timestamp":1790743754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polystyrene nanoplastics potentiate cadmium-induced pyroptosis and apoptosis in primary duck hepatocytes: differential responses to N-acetylcysteine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou","place":["Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou","place":["Jiangsu, 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