{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1791298258636,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed final-year veterinary students\u2019 knowledge and attitudes regarding antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Students were invited to complete an online semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 907 participants from 7 countries and 43 veterinary educational establishments (VEEs) completed the questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The total knowledge and attitude scores for each student were calculated, and a general average was obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AMR was mostly taught as an addendum under the core subjects of microbiology and pharmacology. Students exhibited low AMS knowledge scores (mean score 32.1 \u00b1 22.7), but higher scores for positive attitudes towards reducing AMR (64.2 \u00b1 25.2). Only 6.6% could name at least one national regulation guiding AMU in their countries, while 30-50% of the students knew that antibiotics were inappropriate for various viral infections. About 42% considered it acceptable to use antimicrobials for growth promotion and prophylaxis. Students exhibited positive attitudes towards using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and 50.1% considered improved veterinary education very important for reducing AMR. Multivariate analyses determined that students\u2019 countries of origin were significantly associated with their knowledge and attitudes; for example, Nigerian students were more likely to have good knowledge than Egyptian students, (aOR: 2.372, 95% CI:1.085 \u2013 5.551), while Indian students were less likely (aOR: 0.144, 95% CI: 0.063 \u2013 0.343).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater curricula emphasis should be placed on national and international AMS guidelines. Concepts related to AMR and AMS may be better retained if taught as a standalone module. Further studies should be conducted across countries where students have greater knowledge to evaluate curricula and potentially highlight replicable models for the inclusion of AMR and AMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2026.1957292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:55:28Z","timestamp":1791294928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge and attitudes toward antimicrobial use, resistance, and stewardship among final-year veterinary students: a multinational cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Eltholth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London","place":["Egham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University","place":["Kafrelsheikh, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadesola Juliana","family":"Ajao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London","place":["Egham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikrishna","family":"Isloor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University","place":["Bengaluru, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail Ayoade","family":"Odetokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin","place":["Ilorin, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University","place":["Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9diha Khamassi","family":"Khbou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses and Sanitary Regulation, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, University Manouba","place":["Sidi Thabet, Tunisia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Agriculture and Food System, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute","place":["Midlothian, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilhem","family":"Zouyed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Fr\u00e8res Mentouri Constantine 1","place":["Constantine, Algeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Sociology, Royal Holloway University of London","place":["Egham, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GBADs, Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute","place":["Midlothian, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagendra R.","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Innovation Council, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Prendiville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design, LCC, University of the Arts London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazal","family":"Nabil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uduak","family":"Akpabio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture","place":["Umudike, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaibu Gidado","family":"Adamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri","place":["Maiduguri, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Idowu","family":"Olasoju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture","place":["Abeokuta, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Ahmed Abo","family":"Elfadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Egyptian Chinese University","place":["Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Cemal","family":"Adiguzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University","place":["Erzurum, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selim Adewale","family":"Alarape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan","place":["Ibadan, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Akbar","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University","place":["Kars, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and 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