{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:33:10Z","timestamp":1782228790198,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. pharm. pharm. sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the preparation of inclusion complexes of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP)\/\u03b2-cyclodextrin (\u03b2-CD) derivatives using a three-dimensional (3D) ball mill, and verify the inclusion behavior of the solid dispersion. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the effect of DPCP\/\u03b2-CDs complex formation on the spleens of male C57BL\/6 mice in terms of anti-inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The inclusion complexes of DPCP with \u03b2-CD and hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (HP\u03b2CD) were prepared using a 3D ball mill. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to evaluate the solid-state properties. The solubility of the prepared DPCP\/\u03b2-CD and HP\u03b2CD complexes and the intermolecular interaction between DPCP and \u03b2-CD derivatives in solution were assessed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of DPCPs in the prepared DPCP\/CD complexes were investigated using spleens from male C57BL\/6 mice, with measurement of interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) secretion as an endpoint. Additionally, the protective effects of each drug on NIH-3T3 cells exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Solid-state characterization confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes in the 3D ground mixture (3DGM) (DPCP\/\u03b2-CD = 1\/1) and 3DGM (DPCP\/HP\u03b2CD = 1\/1) complexes through PXRD and IR analysis. The solubility of 3DGM (DPCP\/\u03b2-CD = 1\/1) and 3DGM (DPCP\/HP\u03b2CD = 1\/1) was 17.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and 58.4\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, indicating higher solubility than that of DPCP alone. NMR analysis of 3DGM samples suggested that DPCP\/\u03b2-CD and DPCP\/HP\u03b2CD form inclusion complexes at a molar ratio of 1\/1 but with different inclusion modes. Regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of DPCP, 3DGM (DPCP\/HP\u03b2-CD) showed anti-inflammatory effects at lower doses compared to 3DGM (DPCP\/\u03b2-CD) in terms of IFN-\u03b3 and NIH-3T3 cells injured by UV irradiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We successfully formed inclusion complexes of DPCP\/\u03b2-CD and DPCP\/HP\u03b2CD using the 3D ground mixture method. NMR analysis suggested that DPCP\/\u03b2-CD and DPCP\/HP\u03b2CD form inclusion complexes at a molar ratio of 1\/1 but with different inclusion modes. The anti-inflammatory activity of DPCP was more pronounced in 3DGM (DPCP\/HP\u03b2CD) at lower doses compared to that in 3DGM (DPCP\/\u03b2-CD), indicating that the HP\u03b2CD derivatives were more effective in enhancing the anti-inflammatory properties of DPCP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/jpps.2024.13230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T15:01:01Z","timestamp":1723561261000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preparation, solubility, and anti-inflammatory effects of a complex of diphenylcyclopropenone\/\u03b2-cyclodextrin derivatives as the treatment of alopecia 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