{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:12:47Z","timestamp":1791947567098,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. pharm. pharm. sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concern regarding respiratory system diseases and oral inhalation stands out as an attractive non-invasive route of administration for pulmonary diseases such as chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia. In this context, we encapsulated azithromycin in polycaprolactone nanoparticles functionalized with phospholipids rich in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and further produced a fine powder formulation by spray drying with monohydrated lactose. Nanoparticles obtained by the emulsion\/solvent diffusion-evaporation technique exhibited a mean hydrodynamic diameter around 195\u2013228\u00a0nm with a narrow monomodal size distribution (PdI &amp;lt; 0.2). Nanoparticle dispersions were spray-dried at different inlet temperatures, atomizing air-flow, aspirator air flow, and feed rate, using lactose as a drying aid, resulting in a maximal process yield of 63% and an encapsulation efficiency of 83%. Excipients and the dry powder formulations were characterized in terms of morphology, chemical structure, thermal analyses and particle size by SEM, FTIR, DSC\/TGA and laser light diffraction. The results indicated spherical particles with 90% at 4.06\u00a0\u00b5m or below, an adequate size for pulmonary delivery. Aerosolization performance in a NGI confirmed good aerodynamic properties. Microbiological assays showed that the formulation preserves AZM antimicrobial effect against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    pneumoniae strains, with halos above 18\u00a0mm. In addition, no formulation-related cytotoxicity was observed against the human cell lines BEAS-2B (lung epithelial), HUVEC (endothelial) and HFF1 (fibroblasts). Overall, the approach described here allows the production of AZM-PCL nanoparticles incorporated into inhalable microparticles, enabling more efficient pulmonary therapy of lung infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/jpps.2024.13635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:11:16Z","timestamp":1728864676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development of a dry powder formulation for pulmonary delivery of azithromycin-loaded nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alison Tatiana","family":"Madrid Sani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khellida Loiane V.","family":"Ramos-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle 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