{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:15:26Z","timestamp":1767766526777,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphosphonates irritate the stomach and oesophagus and have a very limited absorption. The purpose of this study was to increase risedronate (RDN) oral bioavailability by causing a raft to form in the stomach. The creation of a raft prevents the irritation of the stomach and oesophagus caused by bisphosphonates. FTIR, TGA, and DSC were used to characterise the RDN, XLG, and the created formulation. In addition to a cell viability analysis utilising Caco-2 cells, the release of RDN was investigated in 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N HCl, 1\u00a0N HCl, and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). For the pharmacokinetic investigation, the XR5 formulation and the Actonel\u00ae tablet were chosen as the test and reference formulations, respectively. Using a parallel design, twelve healthy albino rats were split into two groups, and blood samples were gathered for a whole day. RDN was distributed uniformly throughout the raft and demonstrated chemical stability by the FTIR. The formulation\u2019s thermal stability was demonstrated by the TGA and DSC. At 20\u00a0min, the SGF showed a 99.97% RDN release. When compared to the RDN suspension, the pharmacokinetics revealed better RDN values from the XLG raft. The RDN from the recently developed XR5 has a better bioavailability than the Actonel\u00ae tablet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/jpps.2025.15525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1767766210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancement of oral bioavailability of risedronate through xyloglucan rafts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Nader I.","family":"Namazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Bafail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulkareem Ali","family":"Alanezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afaf F.","family":"Almuqati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Salem","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majed A.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.048","article-title":"Design of pH-responsive alginate raft formulation of risedronate for reduced esophageal irritation","volume":"70","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromolecules"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4847","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S255278","article-title":"Enhancement of oral bioavailability of ibandronate through gastroretentive raft forming drug delivery system: in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Hanif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102194-1.00007-4","article-title":"Xyloglucan for drug delivery applications","volume-title":"Fundamental Biomaterials: Polymers","author":"Pardeshi","year":"2018"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.088","article-title":"Xyloglucan: a functional biomacromolecule for drug delivery applications","volume":"104","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromolecules"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v2i5.228","article-title":"Advances in grdds: raft forming system a review","volume":"2","author":"Niranjanbhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv & Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2017.1371737","article-title":"A comparative study on the raft chemical properties of various alginate antacid raft-forming products","volume":"44","author":"Dettmar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Development Ind Pharm"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.02.028","article-title":"Raft forming system\u2014An upcoming approach of gastroretentive drug delivery system","volume":"168","author":"Prajapati","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2019.1569033","article-title":"Formulation, optimization, and evaluation of raft-forming formulations containing Nizatidine","volume":"45","author":"Darwish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Development Industrial Pharmacy"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.08.005","article-title":"Development of raft-forming liquid and chewable tablet formulations incorporating quercetin solid dispersions for treatment of gastric ulcers","volume":"29","author":"Bunlung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"app.44442","DOI":"10.1002\/app.44442","article-title":"pH\u2010sensitive pectin polymeric rafts for controlled\u2010release delivery of pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate","volume":"134","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Polym Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-022-04492-9","article-title":"Raft-forming gastroretentive tablets incorporating solidly dispersed curcumin-eudragit E100; 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