{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:58:03Z","timestamp":1776232683315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Methamphetamine (METH)-induced agitation, a major concern in acute METH intoxication, is currently treated with benzodiazepines. Due to current polysubstance use patterns in METH consumption, this treatment may fatally exacerbate respiratory depression produced by opioid adulterants or intentionally co-administered opioids. We previously showed that the \u03b12-agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX), which does not potentiate opioid-induced respiratory depression in clinical practice, can be safely and effectively co-administered with naloxone to attenuate METH-induced agitation following naloxone reversal in METH-fentanyl co-intoxicated rats. While the unique arousability of DEX-induced sedation is clinically useful, the current study tested the safety and efficacy of DEX and adjunctive ketamine (KET) in producing deeper, less arousable sedation when needed (i.e., for severe agitation or to facilitate an intricate procedure). Fifteen minutes after 1\u00a0mg\/kg METH administration in male rats (simulating treatment of naloxone-unmasked agitation with a delay), low-dose (0.032\u00a0mg\/kg) DEX \u00b1 (56\u00a0mg\/kg) KET, high-dose (0.18\u00a0mg\/kg) DEX, or saline was administered. Key measurements included METH-induced locomotor activity (a rat model of agitation), the rat coma scale (a quantification of arousability), and \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -agonist class side effects. Both high-dose DEX and DEX-KET almost completely attenuated METH-induced locomotor activity for 90\u00a0min after administration, but with the combination the sedation was deeper during the most intense METH-induced stimulation, and the \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -agonist side effects were less intense and of shorter duration. These data provide proof-of-concept support for the potential use of DEX-KET in producing deeper sedation in METH-induced agitation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/jpps.2026.16294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:10:12Z","timestamp":1776229812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ketamine enhancement of dexmedetomidine attenuation of methamphetamine-induced agitation in rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Madhuri","family":"Budamkayala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy","place":["Huntington, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyostna","family":"Yalakala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy","place":["Huntington, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison B.","family":"Skeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy","place":["Huntington, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surya","family":"Karuturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy","place":["Huntington, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chelsey","family":"McPhillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall Toxicology, Marshall Health","place":["Scott Depot, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshall Toxicology, Marshall Health","place":["Scott Depot, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd H.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Health, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine","place":["Huntington, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Hambuchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Marshall University School of Pharmacy","place":["Huntington, WV, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2023.06.007","article-title":"Urine toxicology profiles of emergency department patients with untreated opioid use disorder: a multi-site view","volume":"65","author":"Cowan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2022.2081923","article-title":"Trends in characteristics of fentanyl-related poisonings in the United States, 2015-2021","volume":"48","author":"Palamar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00782-1","article-title":"Attitudes and experiences with fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine: exploring self-reports and urine toxicology among persons who use methamphetamine and other drugs","volume":"20","author":"Daniulaityte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110985","article-title":"Prevalence of fentanyl in methamphetamine and cocaine samples collected by community-based drug checking services","volume":"252","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00816-8","article-title":"The motives and methods of methamphetamine and 'heroin' co-use in West Virginia","volume":"20","author":"Ondocsin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00360-9","article-title":"Motivations for crystal methamphetamine-opioid co-injection\/co-use amongst community-recruited people who inject drugs: a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Methamphetamine: acute intoxication","year":"2025"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc","year":"2020"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"hospira","year":"2023"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-022-00924-0","article-title":"Characterization of nonfatal opioid, cocaine, methamphetamine, and polydrug exposure and clinical presentations reported to the toxicology investigators consortium core registry, January 2010-December 2021","volume":"19","author":"Glidden","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328331a361","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after subcutaneous administration in volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Capper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/157488406775268219","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic variability of heroin and its metabolites: review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Rook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Lake Forest, IL: Hospira","year":"2022"},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"BioXcel therapeutics","year":"2022"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.11.004","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine use in the ED for control of methamphetamine-induced agitation","volume":"35","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2012768","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine to treat lisdexamfetamine overdose and serotonin toxidrome in a 6-year-old girl","volume":"21","author":"Akingbola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0757-1","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in a child with methylphenidate intoxication","volume":"80","author":"Bagdure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19259","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine: present and future directions","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/cc712","article-title":"Respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine in the surgical patient requiring intensive care","volume":"4","author":"Venn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22712","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022712","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine-remifentanil vs propofol-remifentanil for monitored anesthesia care during hysteroscopy: randomized, single-blind, controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7082597","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7082597","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and Midazolam for sedation in patients with intubation after oral and maxillofacial surgery","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1258\/002367795781088289","article-title":"Carbon dioxide euthanasia in rats: oxygen supplementation minimizes signs of agitation and asphyxia","volume":"29","author":"Coenen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.01.003","article-title":"Dopamine overflow is increased in olfactory bulbectomized rats: an in vivo microdialysis study","volume":"81","author":"Masini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.008","article-title":"Schizophrenia-relevant behavioral testing in rodent models: a uniquely human disorder?","volume":"59","author":"Powell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111301","article-title":"Co-administration of naloxone and dexmedetomidine to simultaneously reverse acute effects of fentanyl and methamphetamine in rats","volume":"259","author":"Tackett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2019.1705948","article-title":"Sedation depth is associated with increased hospital length of stay in mechanically ventilated air medical transport patients: a cohort study","volume":"24","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00016","article-title":"The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans","volume":"93","author":"Ebert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2011.00699.x","article-title":"\u03b12-adrenoceptor regulation of blood glucose homeostasis","volume":"108","author":"Fagerholm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199710000-00017","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine does not alter the sweating threshold, but comparably and linearly decreases the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds","volume":"87","author":"Talke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Ketamine. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): Statpearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2025","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2025"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"481","article-title":"Comparison of ketamine-xylazine and ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia and intraperitoneal tolerance in rats","volume":"52","author":"Wellington","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e995","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.995","article-title":"Mouse and rat anesthesia and analgesia","volume":"4","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.37","article-title":"Evaluation of the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in cats","volume":"222","author":"Selmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.9.1159","article-title":"Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with opioids as injectable anesthesia for castration in dogs","volume":"238","author":"Barletta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240057","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2024-0057","article-title":"The effect of dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination versus dexmedetomidine on behavior of uncooperative pediatric dental patients: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"32","author":"El-Rouby","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517819","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2517819","article-title":"Opioid-free anaesthesia to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting after lower extremity wound surgery: a randomised double-blind crossover trial","volume":"57","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02565-9","article-title":"Opioid-free anesthesia in bariatric surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Dagher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S520856","article-title":"Opioid-free anesthesia improved the quality of recovery after thyroidectomy through pre-emptive and preventive analgesia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.02.021","article-title":"Esketamine counters opioid-induced respiratory depression","volume":"120","author":"Jonkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.325","article-title":"Therapeutic mechanisms of ketamine","volume":"32","author":"Mihaljevi\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14033","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of concentrated naloxone nasal spray for opioid overdose reversal: phase I healthy volunteer study","volume":"113","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493044","DOI":"10.1080\/29947448.2025.2493044","article-title":"Co-administration of naloxone and atipamezole to simultaneously reverse the acute effects of fentanyl and xylazine in rats","volume":"2","author":"Yalakala","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Translational Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.04.007","article-title":"Sex- and dose-dependency in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (+)-methamphetamine and its metabolite (+)-amphetamine in rats","volume":"209","author":"Milesi-Hall\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07478-1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine self-administered to human subjects by smoking S-(+)-methamphetamine hydrochloride","volume":"21","author":"Cook","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520910643","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520910643","article-title":"Intraoperative dexmedetomidine-induced polyuria from a loading dose: a case report","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8850116","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8850116","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine induced polyuria in the intensive care unit","volume":"2021","author":"Uddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep Crit Care"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1590\/s0034-70942005000400007","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on renal system and on vasopressin plasma levels. Experimental study in dogs","volume":"55","author":"Villela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919032","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.919032","article-title":"Dex modulates the balance of water-electrolyte metabolism by depressing the expression of AVP in PVN","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1965.tb07575.x","article-title":"Urinary excretion kinetics of amphetamine in man","volume":"17","author":"Beckett","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)28008-9","article-title":"Absorption metabolism and excretion of the ephedrines in man. I. The influence of urinary pH and urine volume output","volume":"162","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.8.583","article-title":"Comparison of the stability of stock solutions of drugs of abuse and other drugs stored in a freezer, refrigerator, and at ambient temperature for up to one year","volume":"35","author":"Karinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.10.006","article-title":"(+)-Methamphetamine-induced spontaneous behavior in rats depends on route of (+)METH administration","volume":"79","author":"Gentry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"20252025","article-title":"Trissel. Y-site compatibility of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride with ketamine hydrochloride","volume-title":"Trissel\u2019s 2 IV Compatibility Database","year":""},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.060","article-title":"Multimodal assessment of recovery from coma in a rat model of diffuse brainstem tegmentum injury","volume":"189","author":"Pais-Rold\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000197","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of ketamine-induced emergence phenomena: a pilot study","volume":"66","author":"Aroke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02230.x","article-title":"The effect of music on ketamine induced emergence phenomena","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.12.005","article-title":"Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults","volume":"26","author":"Strayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.08.003","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine - an alternative to midazolam in the treatment of ketamine-induced emergence delirium: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Strickley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perianesth Nurs"},{"key":"B59","first-page":"197","article-title":"Hyperphagia and weight gain in monkeys treated with clonidine","volume":"71","author":"Schlemmer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431113","article-title":"Clonidine-induced hyperphagia in monkeys: evidence for alpha 2-noradrenergic receptor mediation","volume":"73","author":"Schlemmer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814548840","article-title":"Excessive weight gain with guanfacine: 16.1 kilograms in 12 months","volume":"54","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1020-8","article-title":"Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse","volume":"197","author":"Haney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109816","article-title":"Impacts of xylazine on fentanyl demand, body weight, and acute withdrawal in rats: a comparison to lofexidine","volume":"245","author":"Sadek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update","volume":"57","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001589","article-title":"Preoxygenation: Physiologic basis, benefits, and potential risks","volume":"124","author":"Nimmagadda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0507-7","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine","volume":"56","author":"Weerink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.aca_209_23","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative glycemic control in adult diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"27","author":"Panidapu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02060-1","article-title":"Accidental dexmedetomidine overdose in preterm newborns: a report of 3 cases","volume":"51","author":"Paviotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial","volume":"301","author":"Riker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41349","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041349","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine-associated hypothermia in critical trauma: a case report and literature analysis","volume":"104","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.14740\/jmc3391","article-title":"Hypothermia following spinal anesthesia in an infant: potential impact of intravenous dexmedetomidine and intrathecal clonidine","volume":"10","author":"Arends","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Cases"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2021.02.062","article-title":"Evaluation of dexmedetomidine anesthesia-related temperature changes: preliminary retrospective observational study","volume":"72","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.72754","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on hypothermia in patients under spinal anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, and controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/2061260a0","article-title":"Urinary excretion of methylamphetamine in man","volume":"206","author":"Beckett","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05276-2","article-title":"Gender differences in the behavioral and subjective effects of methamphetamine in healthy humans","volume":"236","author":"Mayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668285","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.668285","article-title":"D-Amphetamine rapidly reverses Dexmedetomidine-Induced unconsciousness in rats","volume":"12","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00101-018-0506-6","article-title":"Propofol-sparing effect of different concentrations of dexmedetomidine: comparison of gender differences","volume":"68","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesist"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4898082","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4898082","article-title":"Gender differences in adverse events of ketamine drugs: a real\u2010world study based on FAERS","volume":"2024","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.251652","article-title":"Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics of low-dose ketamine in plasma and brain of Male and female rats","volume":"367","author":"Saland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211064922","article-title":"Sex-dependent metabolism of ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in mice and humans","volume":"36","author":"Highland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b437b1","article-title":"S(+)-ketamine effect on experimental pain and cardiac output: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling study in healthy volunteers","volume":"111","author":"Sigtermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/jpps.2026.16294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:10:15Z","timestamp":1776229815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/jpps.2026.16294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/jpps.2026.16294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/jpps.2026.16294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1482-1826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1482-1826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"article-number":"16294"}}