{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:17:20Z","timestamp":1788416240409,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ophthalmic diseases are a growing global cause of visual impairment, driven by population aging and the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR\u03b1) agonist widely used for dyslipidemia, has emerged as a candidate for therapeutic repurposing in ophthalmology. This narrative review synthesizes current preclinical and clinical evidence on fenofibrate across anterior and posterior segment diseases, including diabetic corneal neuropathy, diabetic keratopathy, dry eye disease, corneal burns, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and central retinal artery occlusion. Across ocular disease models, fenofibrate demonstrates neuroprotective, vascular stabilizing, and tissue-remodeling effects. These actions appear to involve modulation of shared pathogenic pathways, including PPAR\u03b1-dependentregulation of inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, and preservation of epithelial, endothelial, neuronal, and vascular integrity. Clinical evidence is strongest for diabetic retinopathy, where randomized trials support a potential adjunctive role in slowing progression and reducing interventions in patients with early-to-moderate disease. Preliminary clinical evidence for diabetic corneal neuropathy is promising but limited, whereas data for dry eye disease, corneal burns, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and retinal ischemic injury remains preclinical. Emerging experimental ocular delivery strategies may improve local bioavailability while reducing systemic exposure. Overall, fenofibrate represents a biologically plausible adjunctive ophthalmic therapy, but further randomized trials, mechanistic studies, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and long-term safety assessments are required to define its therapeutic role beyond diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/jpps.2026.16995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:00:57Z","timestamp":1788415257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fenofibrate in ophthalmology: therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sean Chung-Hei","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle Xin Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Chang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin Siew Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Department, Singapore National Eye Centre","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Cornea, Singapore National Eye Centre","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061816","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and treatments","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890600946724","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration--emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts","volume":"38","author":"Gehrs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079541","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1079541","article-title":"Mechanistic investigations of diabetic ocular surface diseases","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000464","article-title":"Depression, stress, quality of life, and dry eye disease in Korean women: a population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Na","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33639","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33639","article-title":"Evaluating keratoplasty for fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy: a literature review","volume":"15","author":"Hemaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_3043_23","article-title":"Management of corneal neovascularization: current and emerging therapeutic approaches","volume":"72","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123956","article-title":"Diabetic corneal neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Mansoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","article-title":"The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Stitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.018","article-title":"Mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"75","author":"Ambati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp070332","article-title":"New pharmacologic approaches to treating diabetic retinopathy","volume":"64","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.2.182","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy: current management and experimental therapeutic targets","volume":"29","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.07.030","article-title":"Early response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and two-year outcomes among eyes with diabetic macular edema in protocol T","volume":"195","author":"Bressler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051098","article-title":"Update on the management of diabetic retinopathy: anti-VEGF agents for the prevention of complications and progression of nonproliferative and proliferative retinopathy","volume":"13","author":"Bahr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07102-0","article-title":"Transforming corneal alkali burn treatment: unveiling mechanisms and pioneering therapies from bench to bedside","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S145266","article-title":"Diabetic corneal neuropathy: clinical perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Bikbova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S228838","article-title":"Managing dry eye disease and facilitating realistic patient expectations: a review and appraisal of current therapies","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671405","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.671405","article-title":"Cell-free biological approach for corneal stromal wound healing","volume":"12","author":"Jhanji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00569-6","article-title":"PPAR control of metabolism and cardiovascular functions","volume":"18","author":"Montaigne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104018","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of PPARs","volume":"53","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67579-1","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 activation directly upregulates thrombomodulin in the diabetic retina","volume":"10","author":"Shiono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208399","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of PPAR\u03b1 in retinopathy of type 1 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Pearsall","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2217576120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2217576120","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1 (PPAR\u03b1) regulates wound healing and mitochondrial metabolism in the cornea","volume":"120","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22091","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of PPAR\u03b1 agonist on ocular neovascularization in models recapitulating neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0898","article-title":"Pathogenic role of PPAR\u03b1 downregulation in corneal nerve degeneration and impaired corneal sensitivity in diabetes","volume":"69","author":"Matlock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0654","article-title":"Regulation of monocyte activation by PPAR\u03b1 through interaction with the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"72","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0413","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of PPAR\u03b1 agonists on diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes models","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.06.021","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 protects capillary pericytes in the retina","volume":"184","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788663","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.788663","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 activation protects retinal ganglion cells in ischemia-reperfusion retinas","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17763","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010114","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 agonist suppresses inflammation after corneal alkali burn by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, MCP-1, and nuclear translocation of NF-\u03baB","volume":"7","author":"Nakano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2208934119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2208934119","article-title":"Modulation of cGAS-STING signaling by PPAR\u03b1 in a mouse model of ischemia-induced retinopathy","volume":"119","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Fenofibrate tablet prescribing information","year":""},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2025.05.010","article-title":"Fenofibrate ameliorates ocular surface inflammation in diabetic keratopathy","volume":"38","author":"Mansoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580884","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.580884","article-title":"Fenofibrate inhibits subretinal fibrosis through suppressing TGF-\u03b2-Smad2\/3 signaling and wnt signaling in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030223","article-title":"Fenofibrate protects against retinal dysfunction in a murine model of common carotid artery occlusion-induced ocular ischemia","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.09.025","article-title":"Fenofibrate inhibits cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2C activity to suppress pathological ocular angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2089-5","article-title":"Fenofibric acid prevents retinal pigment epithelium disruption induced by interleukin-1\u03b2 by suppressing AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation","volume":"54","author":"Villarroel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.s5593","article-title":"Elisaf. Management of dyslipidemias with fibrates, alone and in combination with statins: role of delayed-release fenofibric acid","volume":"6","author":"Milionis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Management"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3213","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"97","author":"Berglund","year":"2012","journal-title":"The J Clin Endocrinol & Metab"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.019","article-title":"The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) eye study","volume":"121","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001288","article-title":"Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes","volume":"363","author":"Chew","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61607-9","article-title":"Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Keech","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67667-2","article-title":"Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Keech","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EVIDoa2400179","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2400179","article-title":"Effect of fenofibrate on progression of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"3","author":"Preiss","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100433","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 agonist oral therapy in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"8","author":"Tomita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64451-4","article-title":"Topical and oral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1 agonist ameliorates diabetic corneal neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Mansoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.12","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b1 agonist fenofibrate ameliorates sj\u00f6gren syndrome-like dacryoadenitis by modulating Th1\/Th17 and treg cell responses in NOD mice","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18113-3","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist suppresses neovascularization by reducing both vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 in corneal alkali burn","volume":"7","author":"Arima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051330","article-title":"Maillard reaction crosslinked alginate-albumin scaffolds for enhanced fenofibrate delivery to the retina: a promising strategy to treat RPE-related dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Abedin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013318","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013318.pub2","article-title":"Fenofibrate for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"6","author":"Kataoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14377","article-title":"Evidence and indications for systemic treatment in diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review","volume":"98","author":"Elkjaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.12.16","article-title":"Fenofibrate for the prevention of progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: review, consensus recommendations and guidance for clinical practice","volume":"15","author":"Ngah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.05.383","article-title":"Fenofibrate inhibits activation of cGAS-STING pathway by alleviating mitochondrial damage to attenuate inflammatory response in diabetic dry eye","volume":"235","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.4.36","article-title":"Proliferator-activated receptor alpha inhibits abnormal extracellular matrix accumulation and maintains energy metabolism in late-onset fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.54","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b1 agonist fenofibrate suppressed the formation of ocular surface squamous metaplasia induced by topical benzalkonium chloride","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.12.037","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the cornea","volume":"37","author":"DelMonte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108137","article-title":"Composition, structure and function of the corneal stroma","volume":"198","author":"Espana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153468","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of small molecules for treating corneal neovascularization","volume":"25","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.06.004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the corneal endothelial pump","volume":"95","author":"Bonanno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100904","article-title":"Corneal endothelial dysfunction: evolving understanding and treatment options","volume":"82","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S83467","article-title":"Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Jun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-014-0022-y","article-title":"Historical review and update of surgical treatment for corneal endothelial diseases","volume":"3","author":"G\u00fcell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2009.05.019","article-title":"Corneal transparency: Genesis, maintenance and dysfunction","volume":"81","author":"Qazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.12.010","article-title":"Anatomy of the human corneal innervation","volume":"90","author":"Marfurt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050729","article-title":"The role of substance P in corneal homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Jastrz\u0119bska-Miazga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10816","article-title":"Nerve growth factor promotes corneal epithelial migration by enhancing expression of matrix Metalloprotease-9","volume":"54","author":"Blanco-Mezquita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Opthalmology & Vis Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.06.003","article-title":"Functional architecture of the retina: development and disease","volume":"42","author":"Hoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42201","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42201","article-title":"Detailed vascular anatomy of the human retina by projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"7","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010211","article-title":"Tight junctions of the outer blood retina barrier","volume":"21","author":"Naylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080761","article-title":"Oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in the retina: therapeutic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083204","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of fenofibrate on diabetic peripheral neuropathy by improving endothelial and neural survival in Db\/db mice","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0611","article-title":"Oral peroxisome proliferator-activated Receptor-\u03b1 agonist enhances corneal nerve regeneration in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"72","author":"Teo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10142","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2024.10142","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on corneal diseases","volume":"249","author":"Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"2496","article-title":"Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-induced migration and signal transduction in corneal epithelial cells","volume":"42","author":"You","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318247b60e","article-title":"Neurotrophins and nerve regeneration-associated genes are expressed in the cornea after lamellar flap surgery","volume":"31","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.05.004","article-title":"Regulation of NF-\u03baB by TNF family cytokines","volume":"26","author":"Hayden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28502","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028502","article-title":"N-3 PUFA supplementation triggers PPAR-\u03b1 activation and PPAR-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB interaction: anti-inflammatory implications in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"6","author":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.4.33","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA-activated cGAS-STING signaling in environmental dry eye","volume":"65","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091458","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of dry eye disease: considerations for clinical management","volume":"60","author":"Britten-Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24504","article-title":"Sleep deprivation induces dry eye through inhibition of PPAR\u03b1 expression in corneal epithelium","volume":"59","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"240","article-title":"Dry eye: an inflammatory ocular disease","volume":"9","author":"Hessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.3.3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea affects lacrimal gland function","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2019.4","article-title":"Corneal neovascularization: updates on pathophysiology, investigations & management","volume":"63","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107709","article-title":"Corneal injury: clinical and molecular aspects","volume":"186","author":"Barrientez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.02.006","article-title":"Epidemiology, economic and humanistic burdens of ocular surface chemical injury: a narrative review","volume":"20","author":"Ahmmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"B89","first-page":"410","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1 affects corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.107982","article-title":"Keratocytes promote corneal neovascularization through VEGFr3 induced by PPAR\u03b1-inhibition","volume":"193","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21145093","article-title":"Combination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma agonists prevents corneal inflammation and neovascularization in a rat alkali burn model","volume":"21","author":"Nakano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020088","article-title":"Effects of selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonists on corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"14","author":"Tobita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000254","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1000254","article-title":"Fenofibrate suppresses corneal neovascularization by regulating lipid metabolism through PPAR\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108272","article-title":"Corneal myofibroblasts and fibrosis","volume":"201","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113650","article-title":"High-efficiency antioxidant ROS-Responsive thermosensitive hydrogel encapsulated fenofibrate for the treatment of corneal neovascularization","volume":"382","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.114656","article-title":"Fenofibrate microemulsion eyedrops for treating nitrogen mustard induced corneal injury","volume":"391","author":"Kaffash","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B97","first-page":"2508","article-title":"Genetic screen of African Americans with fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"Minear","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13040238","article-title":"Emerging innovations in the treatment of fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Niestrata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","article-title":"Global survey of corneal transplantation and eye banking","volume":"134","author":"Gain","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156273","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2156273","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory","volume":"2016","author":"Romero-Aroca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00509","article-title":"Interconnections between diabetic corneal neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy: diagnostic and therapeutic implications","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-1278","article-title":"A protective effect of PPAR\u03b1 in endothelial progenitor cells through regulating metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8630","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201910_19180","article-title":"Effect of fenofibrate on diabetic retinopathy in rats via SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4164","article-title":"Fenofibrate suppresses cellular metabolic memory of high glucose in diabetic retinopathy via a sirtuin 1-dependent signalling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7671","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007671","article-title":"Effects of fenofibrate on inflammatory cytokines in diabetic retinopathy patients","volume":"96","author":"Ju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3256-x","article-title":"Fenofibrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by modulating Nrf2 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"445","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2974-z","article-title":"Salutary effect of fenofibrate on type 1 diabetic retinopathy via inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway activation","volume":"376","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02249-0","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-014-9531-7","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in hypoxia and inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-015-0759-3","article-title":"Fenofibrate prevents the disruption of the outer blood retinal barrier through downregulation of NF-\u03baB activity","volume":"53","author":"Garcia-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2020.0068","article-title":"Effects of modified low-density lipoproteins and fenofibrate on an outer blood-retina barrier model: implications for diabetic retinopathy","volume":"36","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.08.010","article-title":"Beneficial effects of fenofibric acid on overexpression of extracellular matrix components, COX-2, and impairment of endothelial permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"140","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7282","article-title":"Fenofibric acid reduces fibronectin and collagen type IV overexpression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells grown in conditions mimicking the diabetic milieu: functional implications in retinal permeability","volume":"52","author":"Trudeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2195","article-title":"The MAPK signaling pathway mediates the GPR91-dependent release of VEGF from RGC-5 cells","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22970","article-title":"Beneficial effects of fenofibrate in retinal pigment epithelium by the modulation of stress and survival signaling under diabetic conditions","volume":"227","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233869","article-title":"The protective role of microglial PPAR\u03b1 in diabetic retinal neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01319","article-title":"Fenofibrate-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of experimental diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.126503","article-title":"Long-acting fenofibrate-loaded microparticles for treating retinal disorders","volume":"689","author":"Poudel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0024","article-title":"Persistent effects of intensive glycemic control on retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) Follow-On study","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2023.101428","article-title":"Addition of fenofibrate to statins is associated with risk reduction of diabetic retinopathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a propensity-matched cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0633","article-title":"Association of fenofibrate use and the risk of progression to vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy","volume":"140","author":"Meer","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112080","article-title":"Relationship of haptoglobin phenotype and levels with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a fenofibrate intervention and event lowering in diabetes (FIELD) substudy","volume":"222","author":"Ong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15733","article-title":"Fenofibrate, which reduces risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes, is associated with early narrowing of retinal venules: a FIELD trial substudy","volume":"52","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05532-1","article-title":"Fenofibrate increases circulating haematopoietic stem cells in people with diabetic retinopathy: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Bonora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56080385","article-title":"Association of fenofibrate and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_566_17","article-title":"Efficiency of fenofibrate in facilitating the reduction of central macular thickness in diabetic macular edema","volume":"66","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.949783","article-title":"Effects of fenofibric acid on diabetic macular edema: the MacuFen study","volume":"21","author":"Massin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121328","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of fenofibrate nano-emulsion eye drops on retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-023-01194-9","article-title":"RAGE plays key role in diabetic retinopathy: a review","volume":"22","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.110111","article-title":"The impact of NF-\u03baB on inflammatory and angiogenic processes in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"248","author":"Almalki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-012-0202-9","article-title":"Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"15","author":"Cugati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0768-4","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion - rethinking retinal survival time","volume":"18","author":"Tobalem","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.6.3751","article-title":"Hypoxia upregulates activity and expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Ouiddir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01921-2","article-title":"FGF21 alleviates neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke by modulating the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia\/macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0830","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects photoreceptor function in type 1 diabetic mice","volume":"67","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-023-00730-6","article-title":"Fenofibrate alleviates NAFLD by enhancing the PPAR\u03b1\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway coupling mitochondrial function","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031290","article-title":"Disrupted mitochondrial dynamics impair corneal epithelial healing in neurotrophic keratopathy","volume":"26","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6167","article-title":"Hydrogen and N-acetyl-L-cysteine rescue oxidative stress-induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali-burn model","volume":"52","author":"Kubota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-09-512749","article-title":"Oxidative stress in angiogenesis and vascular disease","volume":"123","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.11.002","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in oxidative stress","volume":"7","author":"Lingappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Toxicol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370213493069","article-title":"Oxidative stress response elicited by mitochondrial dysfunction: implication in the pathophysiology of aging","volume":"238","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.013","article-title":"Nrf2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function: energy metabolism and beyond","volume":"189","author":"Esteras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11624","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11624","article-title":"Nrf2 suppresses macrophage inflammatory response by blocking proinflammatory cytokine transcription","volume":"7","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172928","article-title":"Targeted AAV5-Smad7 gene therapy inhibits corneal scarring in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1951-1","article-title":"Effects of fenofibrate on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the fenofibrate intervention and event lowering in diabetes (FIELD) study","volume":"54","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.08.005","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fenofibrate-statin combination therapy in patients with inadequately controlled triglyceride levels despite previous statin monotherapy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase IV study","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.05278.x","article-title":"Fibrates in combination with statins in the management of dyslipidemia","volume":"8","author":"Jacobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"The J Clin Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/jpps.2026.16995\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:01:00Z","timestamp":1788415260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontierspartnerships.org\/articles\/10.3389\/jpps.2026.16995\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":148,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/jpps.2026.16995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/jpps.2026.16995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1482-1826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1482-1826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"16995"}}