{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:46:44Z","timestamp":1785836804858,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oncol. Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Accurate diagnosis and early treatment-response assessment for superficial tumors (typically within a few centimeters of the skin surface) require bedside imaging methods that can noninvasively capture the dynamic functional states of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Photoacoustic\u2013ultrasound (PA\/US) dual-modality fusion imaging is being actively explored to address this need by combining hemoglobin-sensitive photoacoustic imaging\u2014enabling estimation of total hemoglobin (HbT) and blood oxygen saturation (sO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and, in selected settings, probe-related molecular contrast\u2014with the anatomical localization and procedural guidance provided by ultrasound (US) imaging. This co-registered \u201cstructure\u2013function\u201d integration supports multiparametric visualization of key TME features relevant to superficial tumors, including angiogenesis\/perfusion remodeling, oxygenation heterogeneity and hypoxia, and exploratory composition- or immune-related readouts. This review summarizes fusion-enabling system designs, reconstruction and co-registration pipelines, and representative application tasks (risk stratification, margin-related assessment, regional lymph node evaluation, and therapy monitoring), while critically appraising the maturity of current evidence and translational barriers. We highlight major limitations\u2014depth\u2013resolution trade-offs, motion sensitivity, fluence-related bias in quantitative oximetry, and incomplete standardization\u2014and discuss practical directions toward clinically validated quantitative biomarkers, multicenter protocols, and workflow-ready portable platforms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/or.2026.1881685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:12:47Z","timestamp":1785834767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent advances in photoacoustic\u2013ultrasound dual-modality fusion imaging for functional visualization of the superficial tumor microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cancan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, China Rongtong Medical Health Group Co., Ltd.","place":["Anqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, China Rongtong Medical Health Group Co., Ltd.","place":["Anqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eady6173","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady6173","article-title":"Smarter biopsy decisions in thyroid nodules via dual-modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging","volume":"11","author":"Ahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06501-3","article-title":"Assessment of photoacoustic tomography contrast for breast tissue imaging using 3D correlative virtual histology","volume":"12","author":"Sangha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci 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