{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:05:58Z","timestamp":1789567558579,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oncol. Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adoptive T Cell Therapy (ACT) is a kind of immunotherapy that eliminates target cells by autologous T cells. Since the mechanism of adoptive immune was elucidated, ACT has been developed for more than half a century. As one of ACTs, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy produced remarkable clinical responses in some hematological malignancies that is considered revolutionary strategy of immunotherapy. However, the effects of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors are hindered by immunosuppressive environment and limit of CAR to only recognize antigens on the cell surface. T cell receptor-engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapy is another type of ACT that the TCR is programmed to match crucial tumor antigens according to next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The therapy overcomes the obstacles in solid tumor treatment by CAR-T, while there are also some problems dampening the response such as tumor immune escape, T cell exhaustion and toxicity. Beyond oncology, ACT is also applied in autoimmune diseases for it can specifically target and kill related immunocytes. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and clinical trials of CAR-T and TCR-T for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Differences, challenges and prospect of these ACTs are also described for reference to novel strategy of ACT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/or.2026.1905358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:21:55Z","timestamp":1789564915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adoptive T Cell therapy for cancer and autoimmune disease: current advances, challenges, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qiu-Hong","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tiantai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tiantai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tiantai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tiantai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tiantai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SuWen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Tiantai County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(64)90126-6","article-title":"Treatment of primary fibrosarcoma in the rat with immune lymphocytes","volume":"284","author":"Delorme","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"2177","article-title":"Immunotherapy and chemotherapy of moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumors in mice","volume":"29","author":"Fefer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1126\/science.181845","article-title":"Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows","volume":"193","author":"Morgan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3489291","article-title":"A new approach to the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","volume":"233","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.2.113","article-title":"Immunotherapy for cancer: the use of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells","volume":"28","author":"Fagan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01492-8","article-title":"Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol and Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.10024","article-title":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","volume":"86","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00754-1","article-title":"Long-term outcomes following CAR T cell therapy: what we know so far","volume":"20","author":"Cappell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794183","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.794183","article-title":"TCR-T immunotherapy: the challenges and solutions","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835762","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835762","article-title":"Cancer therapy with TCR-engineered T cells: current strategies, challenges, and prospects","volume":"13","author":"Shafer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709866","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-Cell lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"378","author":"Maude","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S163225","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy as a treatment option for patients with B-cell lymphomas: perspectives on the therapeutic potential of axicabtagene ciloleucel","volume":"11","author":"Viardot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Management Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1914347","article-title":"KTE-X19 CAR T-Cell therapy in relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma","volume":"382","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31366-0","article-title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): a multicentre seamless design study","volume":"396","author":"Abramson","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2024850","article-title":"Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"384","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00933-8","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CARTITUDE-1): a phase 1b\/2 open-label study","volume":"398","author":"Berdeja","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadf3700","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf3700","article-title":"TCR-Engineered T cell therapy in solid tumors: state of the art and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Baulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)01126-1","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases","volume":"402","author":"Schett","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/BS9.0000000000000173","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: where are we now, and where are we heading?","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03571","article-title":"Anti-melanoma activity of T cells redirected with a TCR-like chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Rep"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"16:372\u2013385","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to CAR T cell therapy","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-019-00354-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity of chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapeutics","volume":"33","author":"Gorovits","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3838","article-title":"4-1BB costimulation ameliorates T cell exhaustion induced by tonic signaling of chimeric antigen receptors","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15515","article-title":"A guide to: generation and design of nanobodies","volume":"288","author":"Muyldermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"The FEBS J"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00371-7","article-title":"Nanobody-based CAR-T cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Safarzadeh Kozani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomarker Res"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267762","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1267762","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of tregs: innovations in CAR technology","volume":"10","author":"Requejo Cier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosciences"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"A review of generation, diagnostics and therapeutics","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2019","article-title":"T cell engineered with a novel nanobody\u2010based chimeric antigen receptor against VEGFR2 as a candidate for tumor immunotherapy","volume":"71","author":"Hajari Taheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.09.029","article-title":"T cells expressing VHH-directed oligoclonal chimeric HER2 antigen receptors: towards tumor-directed oligoclonal T cell therapy","volume":"1840","author":"Jamnani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (Bba) - Gen Subjects"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10787","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28370","article-title":"Construction of a chimeric antigen receptor bearing a nanobody against prostate a specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer","volume":"120","author":"Hassani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.29252\/ibj.24.2.81","article-title":"Engineered jurkat cells for targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen on prostate cancer cells by nanobody-based chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"24","author":"Hassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Biomed J"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030883","article-title":"Rapid and effective generation of nanobody based CARs using PCR and gibson assembly","volume":"21","author":"De Munter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1287246","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1287246","article-title":"A novel nanobody-based target module for retargeting of T lymphocytes to EGFR-expressing cancer cells via the modular UniCAR platform","volume":"6","author":"Albert","year":"2017","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25597","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25390","article-title":"From mono-to bivalent: improving theranostic properties of target modules for redirection of UniCAR T cells against EGFR-expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020403","article-title":"Nanobody based dual specific CARs","volume":"19","author":"De Munter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2011.08.015","article-title":"Nanobody-based chimeric receptor gene integration in Jurkat cells mediated by PhiC31 integrase","volume":"317","author":"Iri-Sofla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94353-0_1","article-title":"Structure of and signalling through chimeric antigen receptor","volume-title":"The EBMT\/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook","author":"Chabannon","year":"2022"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12131","article-title":"Design and development of therapies using chimeric antigen receptor\u2010expressing T cells","volume":"257","author":"Dotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunological Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.07.013","article-title":"Function of novel Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors with human variable regions is affected by Hinge and transmembrane domains","volume":"25","author":"Alabanza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aap9777","article-title":"An immunoproteomic approach to characterize the CAR interactome and signalosome","volume":"12","author":"Ramello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Signaling"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.5.1653","article-title":"Signals through T cell receptor-zeta chain alone are insufficient to prime resting T lymphocytes","volume":"181","author":"Brocker","year":"1995","journal-title":"The J Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01663-0","article-title":"The journey of CAR-T therapy in hematological malignancies","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.210","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptors combining 4-1BB and CD28 signaling domains augment PI3kinase\/AKT\/Bcl-XL activation and CD8+ T cell\u2013mediated tumor eradication","volume":"18","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2013.209","article-title":"A novel chimeric antigen receptor against prostate stem cell antigen mediates tumor destruction in a humanized mouse model of pancreatic cancer","volume":"25","author":"Abate-Daga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.83","article-title":"Chimeric receptors containing CD137 signal transduction domains mediate enhanced survival of T cells and increased antileukemic efficacy in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Milone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20150291","article-title":"Armored CAR T-cells: utilizing cytokines and pro-inflammatory ligands to enhance CAR T-cell anti-tumour efficacy","volume":"44","author":"Yeku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0103","article-title":"IL-12 release by engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can effectively muster an antigen-independent macrophage response on tumor cells that have shut Down tumor antigen expression","volume":"71","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.009411","article-title":"The structural basis of T-cell receptor (TCR) activation: an enduring enigma","volume":"295","author":"Mariuzza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a005140","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005140","article-title":"Structural biology of the T-cell receptor: insights into receptor assembly, ligand recognition, and initiation of signaling","volume":"2","author":"Wucherpfennig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040743","article-title":"Adoptive immunotherapy beyond CAR T-Cells","volume":"13","author":"Titov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/377032a0","article-title":"Molecular basis for interaction of the protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 with the T-cell receptor","volume":"377","author":"Hatada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5376.572","article-title":"Fidelity of T cell activation through multistep T cell receptor \u03b6 phosphorylation","volume":"281","author":"Kersh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.092601.111357","article-title":"Signal transduction mediated by the T cell antigen receptor: the role of adapter proteins","volume":"20","author":"Samelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0349-3","article-title":"Current landscape and future of dual anti-CTLA4 and PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in cancer; lessons learned from clinical trials with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)","volume":"6","author":"Chae","year":"2018","journal-title":"J ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500751","article-title":"Chimeric antigen Receptor\u2013 and TCR-modified T cells enter main street and wall street","volume":"195","author":"Barrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"The J Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01735-9","article-title":"Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for solid neoplasms beyond CAR-T","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199145","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1199145","article-title":"Strategies for overcoming bottlenecks in allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"14","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850358","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.850358","article-title":"Emerging strategies in TCR-engineered T cells","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102931","article-title":"CAR-T design: elements and their synergistic function","volume":"58","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-092120-092914","article-title":"Engineering next-generation CAR-T cells: overcoming tumor hypoxia and metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092379","article-title":"Evolution of CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) engineered therapies for the treatment of cancer","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01328-x","article-title":"Targeting macrophages in hematological malignancies: recent advances and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hematol and Oncol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01435-3","article-title":"CAR-NK cell therapy for hematological malignancies: recent updates from ASH 2022","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol and Oncol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121030","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1121030","article-title":"Current and future concepts for the generation and application of genetically engineered CAR-T and TCR-T cells","volume":"14","author":"Hiltensperger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.11.004","article-title":"Adoptive T cell therapies: a comparison of T cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptors","volume":"37","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0290-5","article-title":"Calibration of CAR activation potential directs alternative T cell fates and therapeutic potency","volume":"25","author":"Feucht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0908","article-title":"Excessive costimulation leads to dysfunction of adoptively transferred T cells","volume":"8","author":"Wijewarnasuriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3565","article-title":"Gene-engineered T cells for cancer therapy","volume":"13","author":"Kershaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4090","article-title":"Driving T-cell immunotherapy to solid tumors","volume":"36","author":"Garber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03366.x","article-title":"Diversity in immunological synapse structure","volume":"131","author":"Thauland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14255","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214255","article-title":"Learning from TCR signaling and immunological synapse assembly to build new chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)","volume":"23","author":"Cassioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2538","article-title":"Distinct TCR signaling pathways drive proliferation and cytokine production in T cells","volume":"14","author":"Guy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0719-0","article-title":"Inefficient CAR-proximal signaling blunts antigen sensitivity","volume":"21","author":"Gudipati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.1997.tb00137.x","article-title":"Apheresis techniques and cellular immunomodulation","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther Apher"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6185","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0426","article-title":"A phase I\/IIa trial using CD19-Targeted third-generation CAR T cells for lymphoma and leukemia","volume":"24","author":"Enblad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0636-8","article-title":"Multi-omics discovery of exome-derived neoantigens in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"L\u00f6ffler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0642-x","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of actionable tumor antigens","volume":"11","author":"Ehx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2102611118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102611118","article-title":"Radiation-induced neoantigens broaden the immunotherapeutic window of cancers with low mutational loads","volume":"118","author":"Lussier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2022.100410","article-title":"Ionizing radiation drives key regulators of antigen presentation and a global expansion of the immunopeptidome","volume":"21","author":"Tailor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol and Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75876","article-title":"Survivin-specific T cell receptor targets tumor but not T cells","volume":"125","author":"Arber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3359","article-title":"High-throughput identification of antigen-specific TCRs by TCR gene capture","volume":"19","author":"Linnemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3147","article-title":"Identification of human T-cell receptors with optimal affinity to cancer antigens using antigen-negative humanized mice","volume":"33","author":"Obenaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.34213","article-title":"Current progress in CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7736","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097736","article-title":"Viral vector-based gene therapy","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.251","article-title":"Use of expression profiles of HBV-DNA integrated into genomes of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to select T cells for immunotherapy","volume":"156","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"OF1","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-NB2017-126","article-title":"First-ever CAR T-cell therapy approved in U.S","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1804980","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma","volume":"380","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01622-0","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial","volume":"28","author":"Fowler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-Cell therapy in refractory large B-Cell lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2301665","article-title":"Survival with axicabtagene ciloleucel in large B-Cell lymphoma","volume":"389","author":"Westin","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(21)00591-x","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial","volume":"23","author":"Jacobson","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01755-5","article-title":"CAR T-Cell therapy for the management of mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01222-8","article-title":"KTE-X19 for relapsed or refractory adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: phase 2 results of the single-arm, open-label, multicentre ZUMA-3 study","volume":"398","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1933939","article-title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Iragavarapu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2022.03.013","article-title":"Developing lisocabtagene maraleucel chimeric antigen receptor T-cell manufacturing for improved process, product quality and consistency across CD19+ hematologic indications","volume":"24","author":"Teoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.22.00842","article-title":"Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, an Anti\u2013B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapy, for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: CARTITUDE-1 2-Year Follow-Up","volume":"41","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2020.04.088","article-title":"Anti-EGFR chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in metastatic pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.07.015","article-title":"Phase I study of lentiviral-transduced chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells recognizing mesothelin in advanced solid cancers","volume":"27","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.0225","article-title":"Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) \u2013Specific chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified T cells for the immunotherapy of HER2-Positive sarcoma","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0184","article-title":"HER2-Specific chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified virus-specific T cells for progressive glioblastoma","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.24","article-title":"Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000260","article-title":"Pilot trial of adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor\u2013transduced T cells targeting EGFRvIII in patients with glioblastoma","volume":"42","author":"Goff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610497","article-title":"Regression of glioblastoma after chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapy","volume":"375","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1183","article-title":"A phase I study on adoptive immunotherapy using gene-modified T cells for ovarian cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kershaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.05.012","article-title":"CAR T cells administered in combination with lymphodepletion and PD-1 inhibition to patients with neuroblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Heczey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01689","article-title":"TCR redirected T cells for cancer treatment: achievements, hurdles, and goals","volume":"11","author":"Manfredi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129003","article-title":"Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes","volume":"314","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-3017","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of MART-1 T-Cell receptor transgenic lymphocytes and dendritic cell vaccination in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Chodon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotech.2022.100089","article-title":"MART-1 TCR gene-modified peripheral blood T cells for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a phase I\/IIa clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Rohaan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immuno-Oncology Technology"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-211714","article-title":"Gene therapy with human and mouse T-cell receptors mediates cancer regression and targets normal tissues expressing cognate antigen","volume":"114","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2103485","article-title":"Overall survival benefit with tebentafusp in metastatic uveal melanoma","volume":"385","author":"Nathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003811","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003811","article-title":"NY-ESO-1-specific redirected T cells with endogenous TCR knockdown mediate tumor response and cytokine release syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Ishihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3182829903","article-title":"Cancer regression and neurological toxicity following Anti-MAGE-A3 TCR gene therapy","volume":"36","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1559","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of MAGE-A4 T-cell receptor gene-transduced lymphocytes in patients with recurrent esophageal cancer","volume":"21","author":"Kageyama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003581","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003581","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of ADP-A2M10 SPEAR T cells in patients with MAGE-A10+ advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Blumenschein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818679","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.818679","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety and anti-tumor activity of ADP-A2M10 SPEAR T-Cells in patients with MAGE-A10+ head and neck, melanoma, or urothelial tumors","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-22-0040","article-title":"Adoptive cellular therapy with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and T-cell receptor\u2013engineered T cells targeting common p53 neoantigens in human solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126116","article-title":"Cellular therapy against public neoantigens","volume":"129","author":"Armistead","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01786-3","article-title":"Immunogenicity and therapeutic targeting of a public neoantigen derived from mutated PIK3CA","volume":"28","author":"Chandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02424","article-title":"T-Cell receptor gene therapy for human papillomavirus\u2013associated epithelial cancers: a First-in-Human, phase I\/II study","volume":"37","author":"Doran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01225-1","article-title":"TCR-Engineered T cells targeting E7 for patients with metastatic HPV-associated epithelial cancers","volume":"27","author":"Nagarsheth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200170","article-title":"Sustained inhibition of progressive joint damage with rituximab plus methotrexate in early active rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results from the randomised controlled trial IMAGE","volume":"71","author":"Tak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204522","article-title":"Effects and safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: an analysis from the european scleroderma trial and research (EUSTAR) group","volume":"74","author":"Jordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.10.003","article-title":"A multicenter, open-label, comparative study of B-cell depletion therapy with rituximab for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"46","author":"Daoussis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175ra30","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005166","article-title":"Long-term remissions of severe pemphigus after rituximab therapy are associated with prolonged failure of desmoglein B cell response","volume":"5","author":"Colliou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Translational Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132411","article-title":"Deciphering immune mechanisms in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies","volume":"5","author":"Wolbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001180","article-title":"Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis","volume":"383","author":"Furie","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0472-1","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell and Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav1648","article-title":"Sustained B cell depletion by CD19-targeted CAR T cells is a highly effective treatment for Murine lupus","volume":"11","author":"Kansal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Translational Med"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1120","article-title":"Op0279 Car-T cell treatment of refractory systemic lupus Erythematosus- safety and preliminary efficacy data from the first four patients","volume":"81","author":"Schett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc2107725","article-title":"CD19-Targeted CAR T cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"385","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10251-6","article-title":"Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus using BCMA-CD19 compound CAR","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8753","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T cells for myositis and interstitial lung disease associated with antisynthetase syndrome","volume":"329","author":"Pecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01278-3","article-title":"Anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy CT103A in relapsed or refractory AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3484","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3484","article-title":"Application of CAR\u2010T cell technology in autoimmune diseases and human immunodeficiency virus infection treatment","volume":"25","author":"Adabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"The J Gene Med"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.363","article-title":"Engineered T cells and their therapeutic applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"43","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoolog Res"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02359","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) treg: a promising approach to inducing immunological tolerance","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2011.10.002","article-title":"Two modes of immune suppression by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells under inflammatory or non-inflammatory conditions","volume":"23","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2212-5","article-title":"CARs: a new approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","article-title":"Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease","volume":"353","author":"Ellebrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138416","article-title":"Antigen-specific B cell depletion for precision therapy of mucosal Pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00721-y","article-title":"Genetically modified CD7-targeting allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy with enhanced efficacy for relapsed\/refractory CD7-positive hematological malignancies: a phase I clinical study","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1319","article-title":"Clinical and biological correlates of neurotoxicity associated with CAR T-cell therapy in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Santomasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.02.004","article-title":"Neoantigen-directed therapeutics in the clinic: where are we?","volume":"9","author":"Lybaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sterner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0421-7","article-title":"A safe and potent anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy","volume":"25","author":"Ying","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.12.004","article-title":"T cell receptor gene therapy: strategies for optimizing transgenic TCR pairing","volume":"16","author":"Govers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.18681","article-title":"The multi-purpose tool of tumor immunotherapy: gene-engineered T cells","volume":"8","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0442","article-title":"Tumor antigen escape from CAR T-cell therapy","volume":"8","author":"Majzner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314728","article-title":"The enigmatic nature of the TCR-pMHC interaction: implications for CAR-T and TCR-T engineering","volume":"23","author":"Shevyrev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002779","article-title":"Bispecific and split CAR T cells targeting CD13 and TIM3 eradicate acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"135","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7622","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43991","article-title":"Tandem CAR-T cells targeting CD70 and B7-H3 exhibit potent preclinical activity against multiple solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01436-0","article-title":"CAR T cells with dual targeting of CD19 and CD22 in adult patients with recurrent or refractory B cell malignancies: a phase 1 trial","volume":"27","author":"Spiegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.77.8084","article-title":"T cells genetically modified to express an Anti\u2013B-Cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor cause remissions of poor-prognosis relapsed multiple myeloma","volume":"36","author":"Brudno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.bcd-22-0074","article-title":"Anti-BCMA\/CD19 CAR T cells with early immunomodulatory maintenance for multiple myeloma responding to initial or later-line therapy","volume":"4","author":"Garfall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.015","article-title":"Tumor vasculature-targeting nanomedicines","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0483789","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles inhibit VEGF165-Induced proliferation of HUVEC cells","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.08.008","article-title":"Antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00086","article-title":"The role of the extracellular matrix in cancer stemness","volume":"7","author":"Nallanthighal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Developmental Biol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2463","article-title":"An expression signature classifies chemotherapy-resistant pediatric osteosarcoma","volume":"65","author":"Mintz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B162","first-page":"3191","article-title":"Differentially expressed genes ASPN, COL1A1, FN1, VCAN and MUC5AC are potential prognostic biomarkers for gastric cancer","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45817","article-title":"Matrix architecture defines the preferential localization and migration of T cells into the stroma of human lung tumors","volume":"122","author":"Salmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00319","article-title":"Digesting a path forward: the utility of collagenase tumor treatment for improved drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Dolor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2012.2100","article-title":"4-Methylumbelliferone leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in canine mammary tumor cells","volume":"29","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2830099","article-title":"Identification of the reaction products of the purified hyaluronidase from stonefish (synanceja horrida) venom","volume":"283","author":"Sugahara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2041","article-title":"Regional delivery of chimeric antigen receptor\u2013engineered T cells effectively targets HER2+ breast cancer metastasis to the brain","volume":"24","author":"Priceman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261ra151","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010162","article-title":"Regional delivery of mesothelin-targeted CAR T cell therapy generates potent and long-lasting CD4-dependent tumor immunity","volume":"6","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Translational Med"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11869-4","article-title":"CXCR1-or CXCR2-modified CAR T cells co-opt IL-8 for maximal antitumor efficacy in solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0351","article-title":"Expression of a functional CCR2 receptor enhances tumor localization and tumor eradication by retargeted human T cells expressing a mesothelin-specific chimeric antibody receptor","volume":"17","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4086","article-title":"IL-7 and CCL19 expression in CAR-T cells improves immune cell infiltration and CAR-T cell survival in the tumor","volume":"36","author":"Adachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3394","article-title":"Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Quail","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01109","article-title":"CAR-T cells hit the tumor microenvironment: strategies to overcome tumor escape","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-015-1376-x","article-title":"Immunosuppressive cells in tumor immune escape and metastasis","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000676","article-title":"Inhibition of TGF-\u03b2-receptor signaling augments the antitumor function of ROR1-specific CAR T-cells against triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"St\u00fcber","year":"2020","journal-title":"J ImmunoTherapy Cancer"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2013.857352","article-title":"Combination of cancer immunotherapy with clinically available drugs that can block immunosuppressive cells","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunological Invest"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0460-x","article-title":"A phase I clinical trial of adoptive T cell therapy using IL-12 secreting MUC-16ecto directed chimeric antigen receptors for recurrent ovarian cancer","volume":"13","author":"Koneru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Translational Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.09.002","article-title":"Augmentation of antitumor immunity by human and mouse CAR T cells secreting IL-18","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12317","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512317","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9: a powerful strategy to improve CAR-T cell persistence","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.5283","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy comes to clinical practice","volume":"27","author":"Wall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0407","article-title":"A phase I trial of regional mesothelin-targeted CAR T-cell therapy in patients with malignant pleural disease, in combination with the Anti\u2013PD-1 agent pembrolizumab","volume":"11","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4195","article-title":"Targeted delivery of a PD-1-blocking scFv by CAR-T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy in vivo","volume":"36","author":"Rafiq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00749-x","article-title":"Phase I study of CAR-T cells with PD-1 and TCR disruption in mesothelin-positive solid tumors","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell and Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00450-x","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-mediated knockout of intracellular molecule SHP-1 enhances tumor-killing ability of CD133-targeted CAR T cells in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Hematol and Oncol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq3010","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq3010","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical trial of CRISPR-Engineered CAR19 universal T cells for treatment of children with refractory B cell leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Ottaviano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Translational Med"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062365","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1062365","article-title":"Reprogramming of IL-12 secretion in the PDCD1 locus improves the anti-tumor activity of NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cells","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109055","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-medaited knockout of endogenous T-cell receptor in jurkat cells and generation of NY-ESO-1-specific T cells: an in vitro study","volume":"110","author":"Safarzadeh Kozani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05126-w","article-title":"RASA2 ablation in T cells boosts antigen sensitivity and long-term function","volume":"609","author":"Carnevale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.06.001","article-title":"Genome-wide CRISPR screens of T cell exhaustion identify chromatin remodeling factors that limit T cell persistence","volume":"40","author":"Belk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabn5647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn5647","article-title":"Enhanced T cell effector activity by targeting the mediator kinase module","volume":"378","author":"Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2017.254","article-title":"CAR T cells in trials: recent achievements and challenges that remain in the production of modified T cells for clinical applications","volume":"29","author":"K\u00f6hl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Gene Ther"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0051-2","article-title":"Off-the-shelf\u2019 allogeneic CAR T cells: development and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Depil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102797","article-title":"Product-safety considerations in allogeneic chimeric antigen-receptor T-cell process flows","volume":"78","author":"Dransart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1882","article-title":"Virus-specific T cells engineered to coexpress tumor-specific receptors: persistence and antitumor activity in individuals with neuroblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Pule","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111534","article-title":"CAR-based therapy for autoimmune diseases: a novel powerful option","volume":"12","author":"M\u0171zes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5967","article-title":"An RNA vaccine drives expansion and efficacy of claudin-CAR-T cells against solid tumors","volume":"367","author":"Reinhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Oncology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/or.2026.1905358\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:21:59Z","timestamp":1789564919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/or.2026.1905358\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":196,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/or.2026.1905358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/or.2026.1905358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1970-5557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1970-5557","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"article-number":"1905358"}}