{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T09:08:44Z","timestamp":1772442524994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ssph-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The introduction of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine has significantly reduced the disease\u2019s burden. Tribes comprise approximately 8.6% of the Indian population, making it pertinent to investigate the epidemiology of HBV among these individuals. We synthesized the prevalence of HBV among tribes in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the Medline (via the PubMed search engine), Embase, and CINAHL databases, in addition to the first 10 pages of Google Scholar. We included original observational studies that screened tribal populations for HBV infection, reported the prevalence of HBsAg (our main preference), and\/or other markers. The risk of bias was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. The pooled prevalence was presented after conducting a meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42022334938).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 24 studies were selected for this study. The pooled prevalence of HBV (as measured by the proportion of individuals testing positive for hepatitis B surface antigen) was estimated to be 9.99% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.07\u201314.75, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 98.7%, p &amp;lt; 0.01). The highest HBV prevalence was noted in the northern zone of the country (19.60%, 95% CI 15.09\u201324.54, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 84.4%, p &amp;lt; 0.01), followed by the northeastern zone (13.43%, 95% CI 6.09\u201323.08, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 98.4%, p &amp;lt; 0.01), and the southern zone (10.44%, 95% CI 4.75\u201318.01, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 98.9%, p &amp;lt; 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A considerable prevalence of HBV was observed in tribal communities in India, a fact that cannot be overlooked. This information may be useful for planning HBV vaccination strategies among tribes in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2025.1607620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:35:53Z","timestamp":1772440553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among Tribal Populations in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayatree","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rounik","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases","place":["Kolkata, West Bengal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Divyasree","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Banamber","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandrakant","family":"Lahariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for People-Centric Health Systems","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanghamitra","family":"Pati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakash Kumar","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center","place":["Bhubaneswar, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Progress Report on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2021: Accountability for the Global Health Sector Strategies 2016\u20132021: Actions for Impact","year":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of Worldwide Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Systematic Review of Data Published Between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2013\n          \n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0246-3","article-title":"Calculating Prevalence of Hepatitis B in India: Using Population Weights to Look for Publication Bias in Conventional Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Batham","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2079_18","article-title":"Health of Tribal Populations in India: How Long Can We Afford to Neglect?","volume":"149","author":"Narain","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39867","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.39867","article-title":"The Tribal Health System in India: Challenges in Healthcare Delivery in Comparison to the Global Healthcare Systems","volume":"15","author":"Deb Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070801","article-title":"Timely Birth Dose Vaccine to Prevent Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B: A Single Center Experience on the Road to the WHO Elimination Goals in Italy","volume":"9","author":"Pinon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16\n          \n          Mumbai, India\n          IIPS\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Annual Report 2018-19\n          \n          New Delhi, India\n          Government of India"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Report of Expert Committee\n          \n          New Delhi, India\n          Government of India"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823957","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1823957","article-title":"A Review of Infectious Diseases Associated with Religious and Nonreligious Rituals","volume":"2021","author":"Gajurel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81070","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81070","article-title":"The Forgotten People: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection as a Priority for the Inclusion Health Agenda","volume":"12","author":"Martyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00124-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Hepatitis B, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Sheena","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Gastroenterol and Hepatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039696","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1039696","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Infection Among the Tribal and Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Population from an Eastern State of India: Findings from the Serosurvey in Seven Tribal Dominated Districts, 2021\u20132022","volume":"14","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"Prevalence of Hepatitis B Among Tribals in India: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis. 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