{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:19:03Z","timestamp":1772014743622,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023448","name":"Robert Koch Institut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ssph-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines unintended consequences (UIC) of public health and social measures (PHSM) in camps and camp-like settings and assesses the pathways through which these UIC arise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and conceptual analysis of UIC from PHSM aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 spread in these settings. PHSM were classified using the WHO taxonomy and the CONSEQUENT framework to analyse UIC pathways. The most frequent PHSM groups were: a) surveillance and response, b) social and physical distancing, and c) operational measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 113 predominantly negative UIC impacting physical and mental health, healthcare access, economic stability, and social interactions. UIC occurred in both high- and low-income countries. Key mechanisms linking PHSM to UIC included mistrust, increased risk factors, lack of information, and uncertainty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals the complex interactions between PHSM and UIC and their broad mostly negative effects on marginalised populations. To reduce UIC in future health emergencies, they must be considered in pandemic planning with all stakeholders. Trust-building should be central in health interventions and PHSM design for more effective and equitable responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42022384673<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2026.1608732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:34:10Z","timestamp":1772012050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Public Health and Social Measures in Camps and Camp-Like Settings: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Maren","family":"Hintermeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Health Equity Studies & Migration, University Hospital Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayvan","family":"Bozorgmehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Health Equity Studies & Migration, University Hospital Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mohsenpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navina","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renke","family":"Biallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Koch Institut","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Biddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), DIW Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20552076221133696","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221133696","article-title":"A Topic Trend Analysis on COVID-19 Literature","volume":"8","author":"Urru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124028","article-title":"Exploring the Evolution of Research Topics During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"252","author":"Invernici","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2015.12.010","article-title":"Do We Really Care About Unintended Outcomes? An Analysis of Evaluation Theory and Practice","volume":"55","author":"Jabeen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2017.09.005","article-title":"Unintended Outcomes Evaluation Approach: A Plausible Way to Evaluate Unintended Outcomes of Social Development Programmes","volume":"68","author":"Jabeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000209","article-title":"Development of an Overarching Framework for Anticipating and Assessing Adverse and Other Unintended Consequences of Public Health Interventions (CONSEQUENT): A Best-Fit Framework Synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Stratil","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.10.019","article-title":"Unintended Consequences of Infection Prevention and Control Measures During COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"49","author":"Wee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Journal Infection Control"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taab123","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab123","article-title":"Unintended Health and Societal Consequences of International Travel Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review","volume":"28","author":"Klinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trav Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015397","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015397","article-title":"Unintended Consequences of Measures Implemented in the School Setting to Contain the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: A Scoping Review","volume":"2022","author":"Kratzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Settlement Typologies in Emergencies\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Sars-Cov\u20102 in Aufnahmeeinrichtungen Und Gemeinschaftsunterk\u00fcnften F\u00fcr Gefl\u00fcchtete: Epidemiologische Und Normativ-Rechtliche Aspekte","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2020"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-021-03284-2","article-title":"COVID-19 in Sammelunterk\u00fcnften F\u00fcr Gefl\u00fcchtete: Analyse Von Pandemiema\u00dfnahmen Und Priorit\u00e4re Bedarfe Aus Beh\u00f6rdlicher Sicht","volume":"64","author":"Biddle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","article-title":"Association of Torture and Other Potentially Traumatic Events with Mental Health Outcomes Among Populations Exposed to Mass Conflict and Displacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"302","author":"Steel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103344","article-title":"Angst, Depressionen Und Posttraumatische Belastungsst\u00f6rungen Bei Fl\u00fcchtlingen\u2013Eine Bestandsaufnahme","volume":"68","author":"Lindert","year":"2018","journal-title":"PPmP-Psychotherapie\u00b7 Psychosomatik\u00b7 Medizinische Psychol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32114-7","article-title":"The UCL\u2013Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: The Health of a World on the Move","volume":"392","author":"Abubakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.25646\/7863","article-title":"Monitoring the Health and Healthcare Provision for Refugees in Collective Accommodation Centres: Results of the Population-Based Survey RESPOND","volume":"6","author":"Biddle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Monit"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"COVID-19 Among Migrants, Refugees, and Internally Displaced Persons: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Qualitative Synthesis of the Global Empirical Literature","author":"Hintermeier","year":"2023"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Unintended Consequences of Public Health and Social Measures Implemented in the Setting of Reception and Collective Accommodation Centres for Refugees to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Its Consequences","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2022","journal-title":"PROSPERO"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"2023"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Taxonomy and Glossary of Public Health and Social Measures that May Be Implemented to Limit the Spread of COVID-19 (Draft Version)","year":"2020"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Covidence Systematic Review Software","year":""},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Critical Appraisal Tools\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B23","volume-title":"World Bank Country Classifications by Income Level for 2024-2025","author":"Metreau","year":"2024"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102307","article-title":"A Conceptual Framework for Cross-Border Impacts of Climate Change","volume":"69","author":"Carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Environ Change"},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Left Behind: The Multiple Impacts of Covid-19 on Forcibly Displaced People","author":"Korobkova","year":"2022"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13142","article-title":"Psychological Impact of COVID-19 in a Refugee Camp in Iraq","volume":"74","author":"Kizilhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"36","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Older Refugees","volume":"67","author":"Cortez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forced Migration Rev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01926-2","article-title":"Infection Prevention and Control for COVID-19 Response in the Rohingya Refugee Camps in Bangladesh: An Intra-Action Review","volume":"22","author":"Apolot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Journal Equity Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08122-y","article-title":"Health Professionals' Perspectives on the Impact of COVID-19 on Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) and SGBV Services in Rohingya Refugee Communities in Bangladesh","volume":"22","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2021.100057","article-title":"Health Equity During COVID-19: A Qualitative Study on the Consequences of the Syndemic on Refugees' and Asylum Seekers' Health in Reception Centres in Bologna (Italy)","volume":"4","author":"Da Mosto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Migration Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2022.100110","article-title":"Migrant Shelters' Response to COVID-19: Comparative Case Study in Four Cities Close to the Mexico-United States Border","volume":"6","author":"Infante","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.14482\/sun.37.3.616.89","article-title":"Mental Health of Immigrants in a Shelter in Tabasco, Mexico During the COVID-19Epidemic","volume":"37","author":"Cano Collado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Salud Uninorte"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.23.001","article-title":"Access of Syrian Refugees to COVID-19 Testing in Lebanon","volume":"29","author":"Ghaddar","year":"2023","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2022.100084","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate in Reception and Accommodation Centres for Asylum Seekers During the First Wave: Systematic Review of Outbreak Media Reports in Germany","volume":"5","author":"Jahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799699","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.799699","article-title":"Understanding the Sexual and Reproductive Health Experiences of Refugee and Host Community Adolescents and Youth in Rwanda During COVID-19: Needs, Barriers, and Opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08055-0","article-title":"Solitary Confinement Use in Immigration Detention Before and After the Beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic","author":"Nwadiuko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen. Intern. Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980808","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980808","article-title":"The Epidemiological Follow-Up Process for Suspected and Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in Migrant Shelters on the Northern Border of Mexico from July to December 2020: Between Contagion Underestimation and Containment","volume":"10","author":"Rangel G\u00f3mez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2022.0127","article-title":"Public Health Challenges and Barriers to Health Care Access for Asylum Seekers at the U.S.-Mexico Border in Matamoros, Mexico","volume":"33","author":"Reynolds","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00425-x","article-title":"Challenges to the Implementation and Adoption of Physical Distancing Measures Against COVID-19 by Internally Displaced People in Mali: A Qualitative Study","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991651","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1991651","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Syrian Refugees","volume":"12","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Journal Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2023.102836","article-title":"When Politics Are Contagious: Covid-19 and Political Resistance Inside an Immigration Detention Center","volume":"101","author":"Asoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polit Geogr"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118x.2022.2129271","article-title":"Information-Precarity for Refugee Women in Hamburg, Germany, During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"26","author":"Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf Commun and Soc"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14661381211072414","article-title":"Carceral Ethnography in a Time of Pandemic: Examining Migrant Detention and Deportation During COVID-19","author":"Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethnography"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40878-022-00302-3","article-title":"Refugee's Agency and Coping Strategies in Refugee Camps During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Ethnographic Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"B\u00f6hme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comp Migr Stud"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101727","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Vulnerable Groups, Including Homeless Persons and Migrants, in France: A Qualitative Study","volume":"26","author":"Crouzet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.982389","article-title":"A Narrative-Based Approach to Understand the Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Stranded Immigrants in Four Border Cities in Mexico","volume":"10","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3986\/dd.2021.2.10","article-title":"Italian Reception Policies and Pandemic: From Exclusion to Abandonment","volume":"2021","author":"Filippi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Two Homelands"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3986\/dd.2022.2.06","article-title":"The Pandemic in the Trentino Asylum Reception System: Subjectivities Lost Within the \u201cHealth of the Facility\u201d","volume":"56","author":"Filosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dve Domovini"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14621","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14621","article-title":"COVID-19 Confinement and Related Well Being Measurement Using the EQ-5D Questionnaire: A Survey Among the Palestinian Population","volume":"75","author":"Hamdan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Journal Clinical Practice"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100958","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Greece: A Retrospective Analysis of National Surveillance Data from 2020","volume":"37","author":"Kondilis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007051","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007051","article-title":"Difficulties Faced by Older Rohingya (Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals) Adults in Accessing Medical Services amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Mistry","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14878-z","article-title":"COVID-19 and Its Prevention in Internally Displaced Person (IDP) Camps in Somalia: Impact on Livelihood, Food Security and Mental Health","volume":"22","author":"Mumin","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wdp.2022.100393","article-title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on the Living and Survival Conditions of Internally Displaced Persons in Burkina Faso","volume":"25","author":"Ozer","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Dev Perspect"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e007747","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007747","article-title":"Cash, COVID-19 and Aid Cuts: A Mixed-Method Impact Evaluation Among South Sudanese Refugees Registered in Kiryandongo Settlement, Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Stein","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/grac023","article-title":"The Syrian Refugee Life Study: First Glance","volume":"38","author":"Stillman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxford Rev Econ Policy"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.30950\/jcer.v18i1.1262","article-title":"Queer Necropolitics: Experiences of LGBTQI+ Asylum Claimants During Covid-19 in the UK","volume":"18","author":"Tschalaer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Contemp Eur Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730691","DOI":"10.1525\/agh.2022.1730691","article-title":"Exploring the Gendered Mental Health Experiences of Adolescents in Gaza During the Covid-19 Pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Abu Hamad Bassam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Glob Health"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36267-9","article-title":"A Scoping Review of the Impacts of COVID-19 Physical Distancing Measures on Vulnerable Population Groups","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Communications"},{"key":"B59","volume-title":"The Foundation of Health Systems","author":"McKee","year":""}],"container-title":["Public Health Reviews"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssph-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1608732\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:34:16Z","timestamp":1772012056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssph-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1608732\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/phrs.2026.1608732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1608732","relation":{},"ISSN":["2107-6952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2107-6952","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"article-number":"1608732"}}