{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:32:27Z","timestamp":1786350747391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ssph-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate and critically interpret economic evidence on workplace interventions targeting healthcare personnel, distinguishing return on investment from related economic evaluation approaches and grouping interventions by underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed studies published from 2006 to 2024. Eligible empirical studies reported return on investment, benefit-cost ratios, net savings, cost-effectiveness metrics, societal returns, or comparable monetized outcomes for workplace interventions involving healthcare workers. Methodological quality was assessed using CHEERS and ECOBIAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Most reported positive or potentially favorable economic returns, particularly for preventive health measures, workplace mental health and disability-management programs, and educational or human-capital initiatives. Findings were highly context-dependent. Some interventions produced modest, neutral, or unfavorable returns, while the highest estimates often came from model-based analyses or broad societal extrapolations. Comparability was limited by differences in perspective, time horizon, monetization assumptions, health-system structure, labor costs, and implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence supports workplace interventions as part of health workforce strategies, but return on investment should not be used as a stand-alone decision criterion. Future evaluations require standardized methods, transparent assumptions, and explicit perspectives and time horizons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T08:20:02Z","timestamp":1786350002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness and economic impact of interventions targeting healthcare personnel: a systematic review of return on investment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Catalfo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Economic and Business Department, University of Catania","place":["Catania, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cantarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Catania","place":["Catania, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Virgillito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economic and Business Department, University of Catania","place":["Catania, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena C.","family":"Maltezou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Organization","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Ledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Catania","place":["Catania, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04111.x","article-title":"Burnout and \u2018stress of conscience\u2019 among healthcare personnel","volume":"57","author":"Glasberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.22161\/ijaers.1112.5","article-title":"Burnout syndrome in emergency professionals: a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Adv Eng Res Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62754\/joe.v3i8.4792","article-title":"A review of psychological and moral challenges faced by medical staff in high-stress environments","volume":"3","author":"Alabduljabbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ecohumanism"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2086","article-title":"Psychological stress experienced by health care personnel","volume":"13","author":"Leppanen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J of Work, Environ and Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2015.09.016","article-title":"Desmotivaci\\\u2019 on del personal sanitario y s\\\u2019 indrome de burnout. 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