{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:17:58Z","timestamp":1783667878893,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ssph-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a prevalent, multifactorial, and common disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors, with increasing global incidence and high recurrence rates. Despite advances, understanding the interplay between urinary biochemistry, lifestyle, climate, and genetic predispositions remains essential for effective management. In this review, we evaluate current concepts on KSD pathophysiology, epidemiology, stone composition, and formation mechanisms, alongside recent diagnostic and therapeutic developments. We emphasize integrating genetic, environmental, and clinical data to inform personalized prevention and treatment strategies. These insights support tailored approaches that may improve patient outcomes and reduce recurrence, highlighting the potential of personalized medicine in addressing the complex etiology of KSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:56:20Z","timestamp":1783666580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personalised prevention and management of kidney stones: a narrative review on the importance of integrating environmental, social and genetic factors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Leonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria","place":["Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Sinisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for the Environmental Analysis, National Research Council","place":["Tito Scalo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romolo Hospital","place":["Rocca di Neto (KR), Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Andracchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romolo Hospital","place":["Rocca di Neto (KR), Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Piana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romolo Hospital","place":["Rocca di Neto (KR), Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Leonessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for the Environmental Analysis, National Research Council","place":["Tito Scalo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria","place":["Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Summa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for the Environmental Analysis, National Research Council","place":["Tito Scalo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Passarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria","place":["Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolina","family":"Crocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria","place":["Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Physiology, renal","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Ogobuiro","year":"2022"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16008","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.8","article-title":"Kidney stones","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3068365","article-title":"A review on urolithiasis","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Universal Pharm Life Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.07.02","article-title":"Economic impact of urinary stones","volume":"3","author":"Hyams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11030424","article-title":"Epidemiology of kidney stones","volume":"11","author":"Stamatelou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9785-x","article-title":"Geoenvironmental factors related to high incidence of human urinary calculi (kidney stones) in central highlands of Sri Lanka","volume":"38","author":"Abeywickarama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-018-1065-7","article-title":"Analyses of long non-coding RNA and mRNA profiling using RNA sequencing in calcium oxalate monohydrate-stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014060631","article-title":"A nomogram for the prediction of kidney stone recurrence","volume":"25","author":"Eisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688908201112","article-title":"Urolithiasis \u2013 historical, comparative and pathophysiological aspects: a review","volume":"82","author":"Michell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9841","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709652105","article-title":"Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the United States","author":"Brikowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3909\/riu0459","article-title":"Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2017.58.5.299","article-title":"Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis","volume":"58","author":"Ziemba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig Clin Urol"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"44","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and kidney stone formation","volume":"8","author":"Assimos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05811108","article-title":"Kidney stones and the risk for chronic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Rule","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010030253","article-title":"Kidney stones associate with increased risk for myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Rule","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03210312","article-title":"Urolithiasis and the risk of ESRD","volume":"7","author":"El-Zoghby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8780","article-title":"History of kidney stones and the risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"310","author":"Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.145477","article-title":"The risk of coronary heart disease in patients with kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cheungpasitporn","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.069","article-title":"Nephrolithiasis and risk of incident bone fracture","volume":"195","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00917.x","article-title":"Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976\u20131994","volume":"63","author":"Stamatelou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41630","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41630","article-title":"Prevalence of kidney stones in mainland China: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05660614","article-title":"Stone composition as a function of age and sex","volume":"9","author":"Lieske","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.320","article-title":"Temporal trends in the incidence of kidney stone disease","volume":"83","author":"Edvardsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.07.001","article-title":"The role of sodium intake in nephrolithiasis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and future directions","volume":"35","author":"Afsar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"1081","article-title":"Urinary calculi: review of classification methods and correlations with etiology","volume":"7","author":"Daudon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scanning Microsc"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-023-01521-8","article-title":"Mixed stones: urinary stone composition, frequency and distribution by gender and age","volume":"52","author":"Siener","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4372-4_5","article-title":"An observation on the composition of urinary calculi: environmental influence","volume-title":"Medical Geochemistry - Geological Materials and Health","author":"Giannossi","year":"2013"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068365","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3068365","article-title":"Kidney stone disease: an update on current concepts","volume":"2018","author":"Alelign","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Urol"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"A review of pathological biomineral analysis techniques and classification schemes","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Study of Mineralogy","author":"Giannossi","year":"2012"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000044939","article-title":"Development of calcium oxalate crystals on urothelium: effect of free radicals","volume":"78","author":"Grases","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-8981(02)00063-3","article-title":"Simple classification of renal calculi closely related to their micromorphology and etiology","volume":"322","author":"Grases","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-2012-0327","article-title":"Mineralogical and morphological investigation of kidney stones of a mediterranean region (Basilicata, Italy)","volume":"20","author":"Giannossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J X-Ray Sci Technol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2020.11.004","article-title":"Classification of stones according to michel daudon: a narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Corrales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.13133\/2239-1002\/16764","article-title":"Mineralogy and elemental composition of urinary stones: a preliminary study in northwest of Iran","volume":"90","author":"Khaleghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Period Mineral"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.33590\/emjurol\/10313705","article-title":"Kidney stones and ceftriaxone","volume":"3","author":"Dursun","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMJ Urol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.2741\/1347","article-title":"Modulators of urinary stone formation","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200068d","article-title":"Characterization and some physicochemical aspects of pathological microcalcifications","volume":"112","author":"Bazin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1684\/abc.2020.1557","article-title":"Crystalline pathologies in the human body: first steps of pathogenesis","volume":"78","author":"Bazin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Biol Clin (Paris)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5802\/crchim.200","article-title":"Foreword to microcrystalline pathologies: combining clinical activity and fundamental research at the nanoscale","volume":"25","author":"Bazin","year":"2022","journal-title":"C R Chim"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15534-6_2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of kidney stone formation","volume-title":"Nutritional and Medical Management of Kidney Stones","author":"Worcester","year":"2019"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM193602062140603","article-title":"An hypothesis for the origin of renal calculus","volume":"214","author":"Randall","year":"1936","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-014-0703-y","article-title":"Randall's plaque as the origin of calcium oxalate kidney stones","volume":"43","author":"Daudon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b07664","article-title":"Nanoscale analysis of Randall's plaques by electron energy loss spectromicroscopy: insight in early biomineral formation in human kidney","volume":"14","author":"Gay","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4982","article-title":"Recent advances on the mechanisms of kidney stone formation","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-003-0298-1","article-title":"Effects of tamm-horsfall protein on the protection of MCDK cells from oxalate induced free radical injury","volume":"31","author":"Hsieh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00257889","article-title":"The etiology of urolithiasis in udaipur (western part of India)","volume":"14","author":"Pendse","year":"1986","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1015230510071","article-title":"Efficacy and outcome of surgical intervention in patients with nephrolithiasis and chronic renal failure","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-005-0033-1","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in patients with urolithiasis","volume":"34","author":"Gunes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2018.08.007","article-title":"Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67440-X","article-title":"Geographic variation and environmental risk factors for the incidence of initial kidney stones in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000048445","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the prevalence of upper urinary calculi in Taiwan","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/s0302-2838(03)00415-9","article-title":"Study on the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Germany comparing the years 1979 vs. 2000","volume":"44","author":"Hesse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.76","article-title":"Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming","volume":"79","author":"Fakheri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2017.0123","article-title":"Worldwide impact of warmer seasons on the incidence of renal colic and kidney stone disease: evidence from a systematic review of literature","volume":"31","author":"Geraghty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15534-6_3","article-title":"Genetic and environmental risk factors for kidney stones","volume-title":"Nutritional and Medical Management of Kidney Stones","author":"Yamout","year":"2019"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.10.001","article-title":"Role of climate change in urologic health: kidney stone disease","volume":"9","author":"Spiardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.09.004","article-title":"Trace element investigations in urinary stones: a preliminary pilot case in Basilicata (Southern Italy)","volume":"27","author":"Giannossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00497-y","article-title":"Mobility of trace metals in serpentinite-derived soils of the pollino massif (Southern Italy): insights on bioavailability and toxicity","volume":"42","author":"Summa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02549896","article-title":"Amino acids in urine and plasma of urolithiasis patients","volume":"21","author":"Kohri","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01083-x","article-title":"May a comprehensive mineralogical study of a jackstone calculus and some other human bladder stones unveil health and environmental implications?","volume":"44","author":"Mercurio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)55928-5","article-title":"Urinary lithiasis","volume":"123","author":"Drach","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000046301","article-title":"Effects of water hardness on urinary risk factors for kidney stones in patients with idiopathic nephrolithiasis","volume":"81","author":"Bellizzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8223(93)91530-4","article-title":"Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones","volume":"93","author":"Massey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281203","article-title":"A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones","volume":"328","author":"Curhan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020528","article-title":"The impact of diet on urinary risk factors for cystine stone formation","volume":"13","author":"Siener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010369","article-title":"Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria","volume":"346","author":"Borghi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.006","article-title":"Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline","volume":"192","author":"Pearle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)39377-1","article-title":"A further study of oxalate bioavailability in foods","volume":"144","author":"Brinkley","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030779","article-title":"Risk of kidney stones: influence of dietary factors, dietary patterns, and vegetarian-vegan diets","volume":"12","author":"Ferraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00469-x","article-title":"Human kidney stones: a natural record of universal biomineralization","volume":"18","author":"Sivaguru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127270","article-title":"Investigation of the link between the type and concentrations of heavy metals and other elements in blood and urinary stones and their association to the environmental factors and dietary pattern","volume":"80","author":"Dargahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.3390\/min12111421","article-title":"Morpho-constitutional classification of urinary stones as prospective approach for the management of human pathological biomineralization: new insights from Southern Italy","volume":"12","author":"Izzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053075","article-title":"Pathophysiology and main molecular mechanisms of urinary stone formation and recurrence","volume":"25","author":"Tamborino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-007-9103-3","article-title":"Concentration effect of trace metals in Jordanian patients of urinary calculi","volume":"30","author":"Abboud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-013-9511-5","article-title":"Association of minor and trace elements with mineralogical constituents of urinary stones: a hard nut to crack in existing studies of urolithiasis","volume":"35","author":"Kuta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-014-9654-z","article-title":"Trace elements in urinary stones: a preliminary investigation in Fars province, Iran","volume":"37","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00170.x","article-title":"A twin study of genetic and dietary influences on nephrolithiasis: a report from the vietnam Era Twin (VET) registry","volume":"67","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00744.x","article-title":"Sensitivity to meat protein intake and hyperoxaluria in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers","volume":"59","author":"Nguyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-009-0170-z","article-title":"Increased protein intake on controlled oxalate diets does not increase urinary oxalate excretion","volume":"37","author":"Knight","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000046295","article-title":"Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis","volume":"81","author":"Serio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)35887-1","article-title":"Hot occupation and nephrolithiasis","volume":"150","author":"Borghi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64444-8","article-title":"Urinary calculi in aviation pilots: what is the best therapeutic approach?","volume":"168","author":"Zheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137619","article-title":"Risk of kidney stone among workers exposed to high occupational heat stress \u2013 a case study from southern Indian steel industry","volume":"722","author":"Venugopal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V8101568","article-title":"Family history and risk of kidney stones","volume":"8","author":"Curhan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2019.08.007","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, and uric acid","volume":"3","author":"Ware","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.11.017","article-title":"A twin study of genetic influences on nephrolithiasis in women and men","volume":"4","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00458","article-title":"Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (hypoparathyroidism) types 1 and 2","volume":"7","author":"Roszko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050576","article-title":"Progress in understanding the genetics of calcium-containing nephrolithiasis","volume":"28","author":"Sayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B89","article-title":"Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Nava Suarez","year":"2024"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0332-x","article-title":"Genetics of kidney stone disease","volume":"17","author":"Howles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.10.035","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Bartter syndrome: executive summary of the consensus and recommendations from the european rare kidney disease reference network working group for tubular disorders","volume":"99","author":"Konrad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1679","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab821","article-title":"Hypocalcemia as the initial presentation of type 2 Bartter syndrome: a family report","volume":"107","author":"London","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1324","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00004.2015","article-title":"ClC-K chloride channels: emerging pathophysiology of Bartter syndrome type 3","volume":"308","author":"Andrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-012-0333-9","article-title":"Understanding Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Fremont","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02219-2","article-title":"Genetics and phenotypic heterogeneity of dent disease: the dark side of the moon","volume":"140","author":"Gianesello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1086\/499409","article-title":"SLC34A3 mutations in patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria predict a key role for the sodium-phosphate cotransporter NaPi-IIc in maintaining phosphate homeostasis","volume":"78","author":"Bergwitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04589-2","article-title":"Family analysis and literature study of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12841211","article-title":"Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis: phenotype-genotype correlation and outcome in 32 patients with CLDN16 or CLDN19 mutations","volume":"7","author":"Godron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2016.11.003","article-title":"The genetic framework for development of nephrolithiasis","volume":"4","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"key":"B100","article-title":"Hereditary distal renal tubular acidosis","volume-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","author":"Alexander","year":""},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2023.08.006","article-title":"Autosomal dominant distal renal tubular acidosis in two pediatric patients with mutations in the SLC4A1 gene","volume":"43","author":"Guerra Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can Maximum Urinary pCO2 Test Be Normal? Nefrologia Engl Ed"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101701","article-title":"Phenotype of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia associated with the heterozygous pathogenic variant of SLC34A1 and CYP24A1","volume":"10","author":"Bizerea-Moga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2023.03.004","article-title":"Monogenic features of urolithiasis: a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Koo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"key":"B104","article-title":"HPRT1 disorders","volume-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","author":"Jinnah","year":"1993"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2006.03.015","article-title":"Hereditary renal hypouricemia","volume":"89","author":"Sperling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111607","article-title":"Renal hypouricemia 1: rare disorder as common disease in eastern Slovakia Roma population","volume":"9","author":"Stiburkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-014-0734-4","article-title":"Modern diagnostic approach to hereditary xanthinuria","volume":"43","author":"Mraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B108","article-title":"Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency","volume-title":"GeneReviews\u00ae","author":"Edvardsson","year":"1993"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014040388","article-title":"Fourteen monogenic genes account for 15% of nephrolithiasis\/nephrocalcinosis","volume":"26","author":"Halbritter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07540715","article-title":"Prevalence of monogenic causes in pediatric patients with nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis","volume":"11","author":"Braun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.06.025","article-title":"Whole exome sequencing frequently detects a monogenic cause in early onset nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis","volume":"93","author":"Daga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196806132782403","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to formation of calcium oxalate renal calculi","volume":"278","author":"Resnick","year":"1968","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-9-201","article-title":"Calcium-sensing receptor and calcium kidney stones","volume":"9","author":"Vezzoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.07.041","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional analysis of human SLC26A6 variants in patients with familial hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis","volume":"52","author":"Monico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI19826","article-title":"Renal Ca2+ wasting, hyperabsorption, and reduced bone thickness in mice lacking TRPV5","volume":"112","author":"Hoenderop","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-024-01613-y","article-title":"A successful conclusion to the long search for TRPV5 pathogenic variants in monogenic hypercalciuria","volume":"32","author":"Gorvin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B117","article-title":"TRPV5 and TRPV6 calcium-selective channels","volume-title":"Calcium Entry Channels in Non-Excitable Cells","author":"Peng","year":"2018"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215645","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1215645","article-title":"Characterization of the TRPV6 calcium channel-specific phenotype by RNA-seq in castration-resistant human prostate cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Cordier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180214122352","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor: a novel therapeutic target for kidney diseases","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913908","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.913908","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms and kidney stones around the globe: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.02.020","article-title":"HIPK2 polymorphisms rs2058265, rs6464214, and rs7456421 were associated with kidney stone disease in Chinese males not females","volume":"653","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175153","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.175153","article-title":"HIPK2 C-terminal domain inhibits NF-\u03baB signaling and renal inflammation in kidney injury","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63013-8","article-title":"Matrix Gla protein is an independent predictor of both intimal and medial vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Jaminon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1159\/000369833","article-title":"Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a review of pathogenic mechanisms in the light of genetic studies","volume":"40","author":"Arcidiacono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104199","article-title":"Genetic insights into therapeutic targets for aortic aneurysms: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.404","article-title":"Sequence variants in the CLDN14 gene associate with kidney stones and bone mineral density","volume":"41","author":"Thorleifsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001039","article-title":"Association of variants at UMOD with chronic kidney disease and kidney stones\u2014role of age and comorbid diseases","volume":"6","author":"Gudbjartsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002541","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of nephrolithiasis in the Japanese population identifies novel susceptible loci at 5q35.3, 7p14.3, and 13q14.1","volume":"8","author":"Urabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8975","article-title":"Common and rare variants associated with kidney stones and biochemical traits","volume":"6","author":"Oddsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy409","article-title":"Sequence variants associating with urinary biomarkers","volume":"28","author":"Benonisdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13145-x","article-title":"Genetic variants of calcium and vitamin D metabolism in kidney stone disease","volume":"10","author":"Howles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018090942","article-title":"Novel risk loci identified in a genome-wide association study of urolithiasis in a Japanese population","volume":"30","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0640-3","article-title":"Large-scale genome-wide association study in a Japanese population identifies novel susceptibility loci across different diseases","volume":"52","author":"Ishigaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00931-x","article-title":"A cross-population atlas of genetic associations for 220 human phenotypes","volume":"53","author":"Sakaue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43400-1","article-title":"Integrative genome-wide analyses identify novel loci associated with kidney stones and provide insights into its genetic architecture","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000238","article-title":"Central adiposity increases risk of kidney stone disease through effects on serum calcium concentrations","volume":"34","author":"Lovegrove","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-024-01577-0","article-title":"Identification of novel genetic susceptibility loci for calcium-containing kidney stone disease by genome-wide association study and polygenic risk score in a Taiwanese population","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.07.109","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic associations with clinical phenotypes of kidney stone disease","volume":"67","author":"Hsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-020-01179-6","article-title":"Stone recurrence among childhood kidney stone formers: results of a nationwide study in Iceland","volume":"48","author":"Ingvarsdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.03.002","article-title":"Kidney stone prevention","volume":"14","author":"Peerapen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B141","first-page":"333","article-title":"Urolithiasis: history, epidemiology, aetiologic factors and management","volume":"45","author":"Kachkoul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malays J Pathol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-018-1091-5","article-title":"Precision medicine in renal stone-formers","volume":"47","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs545","article-title":"When to suspect a genetic disorder in a patient with renal stones, and why","volume":"28","author":"Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1987.270","article-title":"Reduced glomerular filtration rate and hypercalciuria in primary struvite nephrolithiasis","volume":"32","author":"Kristensen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22881","article-title":"Contrasting histopathology and crystal deposits in kidneys of idiopathic stone formers who produce hydroxyapatite, brushite, or calcium oxalate stones","volume":"297","author":"Evan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat Rec (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3635","article-title":"Stone-targeted dual-energy CT: a new diagnostic approach to urinary calculosis","volume":"195","author":"Ascenti","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.09.143","article-title":"Personalized intervention in monogenic stone formers","volume":"199","author":"Policastro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40697-015-0069-2","article-title":"Recurrence of crystalline nephropathy after kidney transplantation in APRT deficiency and primary hyperoxaluria","volume":"2","author":"Boll\u00e9e","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-016-0945-y","article-title":"Tubular and genetic disorders associated with kidney stones","volume":"45","author":"Mohebbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reviews"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssph-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609208\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:56:26Z","timestamp":1783666586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssph-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609208\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2107-6952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2107-6952","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"article-number":"1609208"}}