{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:53:17Z","timestamp":1781761997494,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ssph-journal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rev."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate crowd-management strategies used at mass public gatherings and to identify the evidence gaps and priorities that reduce the risk of stampedes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S guidelines, the paper searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar (gray literature), and the WHO Global Health Library (gray literature) published between January 1, 2010 and December 30, 2025. Eligible studies included observational, quasi-experimental, and simulation-based evaluations of crowd-safety interventions. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and appraised study quality using ROBINS-I and JBI checklist. A narrative (thematic) synthesis grouped interventions into engineering, operational, technology, and communication approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 833 unique records identified, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were mainly observational analyses, simulation\/modeling studies, or quasi-experiments from diverse settings (pilgrimages, festivals, sports events). Multi-modal strategies combining environmental design (one-way flows, barriers), operational controls, real-time monitoring, and trained personnel were consistently associated with improved crowd-flow indicators (shorter evacuation times).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrated crowd-management approaches can mitigate stampede risks, but require high-quality empirical evaluations and standardized outcome metrics to strengthen evidence for policy and practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251142906<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420251142906.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:10:08Z","timestamp":1781759408000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preventive Measures and Crowd Management Strategies to Mitigate the Risk of Stampedes in Public Gatherings: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Rahul Singh","family":"Chowhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR - National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases","place":["Jodhpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh Kumar","family":"Hudda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR - National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases","place":["Jodhpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UCMS","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR - National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases","place":["Jodhpur, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds7","article-title":"Crowd Disasters as Systemic Failures: Analysis of the Love Parade Disaster","volume":"1","author":"Helbing","year":"2012","journal-title":"EPJ Data Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11020244","article-title":"Healthcare Research in Mass Religious Gatherings and Emergency Management: A Comprehensive Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Almehmadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"67","article-title":"Strengthening Public Health: Making the Case for Mass Gatherings","volume":"4","author":"Enderlein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Panorama"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b17097","volume-title":"Introduction to Crowd Science","author":"Still","year":"2014"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Public Health for Mass Gatherings: Key Considerations","year":"2015"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Supporting Evidence","year":"2011"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2020.739","article-title":"A Comparison of Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) to a New, Alternative Clinical Question Framework for Search Skills, Search Results, and Self-Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"108","author":"Kloda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.345","article-title":"The Impact of Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) as a Search Strategy Tool on Literature Search Quality: A Systematic Review","volume":"106","author":"Eriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: A Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"383","article-title":"A Real-Time Crowd Detection and Monitoring System Using Machine Learning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Communication and Iot","author":"Shrivastav","year":"2023"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.3390\/s25092810","article-title":"Crowd Evacuation in Stadiums Using Fire Alarm Prediction","volume":"25","author":"Alazbah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.63960\/SIJMDS-2025-2366","article-title":"Security and Surveillance at Large Religious Gatherings: Crowd Management Strategies for the 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Synergy Int J Multidiscip Stud"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161865","DOI":"10.69107\/mgmj-161865","article-title":"Towards Safer Mass Gatherings Using Social Media: A Crowd Management Perspective","volume":"2","author":"Rahmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mass Gather Med J"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13081339","article-title":"Research on Path Planning Algorithm for Crowd Evacuation","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Symmetry (Basel)."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.17815\/CD.2020.52","article-title":"Evacuation Guidance Design: An Experimental Study Based on Eye Tracking Devices","volume":"5","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Collect Dyn"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2022.3223297","article-title":"Sensing Technologies for Crowd Management, Adaptation, and Information Dissemination in Public Transportation Systems: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Darsena","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-024-06451-7","article-title":"Prediction and Prevention of Crowd-Crush Accidents Using Crowd-Density Simulation Based on Unity Engine","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saf Technol J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.08.005","article-title":"On Current Crowd Management Practices and the Need for Increased Situation Awareness, Prediction, and Intervention","volume":"91","author":"Martella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2020.125156","article-title":"Follow the Evacuation Signs or Surrounding People During Building Evacuation, an Experimental Study","volume":"560","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physica A: Stat Mech Its Appl"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.23953\/cloud.ijacear.421","article-title":"Spatial Strategies for Crowd Management in Haridwar, India","volume":"5","author":"Kasthala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Adv Civ Eng Archit Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.17815\/CD.2020.76","article-title":"Understanding Crowd Dynamics in Processions During Mass Religious Gatherings: A Case Study of Shahi Snan in Kumbh Mela","volume":"5","author":"Gayathri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Collect Dyn"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X22000395","article-title":"Interorganizational Communication at Mass Gatherings: Professionals' Perceptions During the Planning and Implementation Stage of Marathon Events","volume":"37","author":"Bistaraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1555735","article-title":"Research on Risk Factors of Human Stampede in Mass Gathering Activities Considering Organizational Patterns","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijfmts.2025.002","article-title":"Framework for Stampede Management: Preventable Mass Disaster","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"IP Int J Forensic Med Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8243157","article-title":"Ranking and Analysis the Strategies of Crowd Management to Reduce the Risks of Crushes and Stampedes in Crowded Environments and Ensure the Safety of Passengers","volume":"8","author":"Al-Nami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neutrosophic Syst Appl"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1051\/sm\/2024009","article-title":"Crowd Stampede Management at Sporting Events: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"125","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mov Sport Sci - Sci and Motricit\u00e9"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306764","article-title":"Unraveling the Causes of the Seoul Halloween crowd-crush Disaster","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106292","article-title":"A Roadmap for the Future of Crowd Safety Research and Practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the Imperative of a Vision Zero Target","volume":"168","author":"Haghani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews: A Product from the ESRC Methods Programme","author":"Popay","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reviews"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssph-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609310\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:10:10Z","timestamp":1781759410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ssph-journal.org\/articles\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609310\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/phrs.2026.1609310","relation":{},"ISSN":["2107-6952"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2107-6952","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"article-number":"1609310"}}