{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:15:02Z","timestamp":1779930902021,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["por-journal.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathol. Oncol. Res."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Anti-EGFR antibody therapy is still one of the clinical choices in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, but the emergence of cetuximab resistance questioned its effectiveness and reduced its applicability. Although several possible reasons of resistance against the antibody treatment and alternative therapeutic proposals have been described (EGFR alterations, activation of other signaling pathways), there is no method to predict the effectiveness of anti-EGFR antibody treatments and to suggest novel therapeutics. Our study investigated the effect of EGFR R521K alteration on efficiency of cetuximab therapy of HNSCC cell lines and tried to find alternative therapeutic approaches against the resistant cells.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> After genetic characterization of HNSCC cells, we chose one wild type and one R521K+ cell line for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> proliferation and apoptosis tests, and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> animal models using different therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Although the cetuximab treatment affected EGFR signalization in both cells, it did not alter <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cell proliferation or apoptosis. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> cetuximab therapy was also ineffective on R521K harboring tumor xenografts, while blocked the tumor growth of EGFR-wild type xenografts. Interestingly, the cetuximab-resistant R521K tumors were successfully treated with c-MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU11274.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Our results suggest that HNSCC cell line expressing the R521K mutant form of EGFR does not respond well to cetuximab treatment <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, but hopefully might be targeted by c-MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2021.620256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T04:10:55Z","timestamp":1620015055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["EGFR Alterations Influence the Cetuximab Treatment Response and c-MET Tyrosine-Kinase Inhibitor Sensitivity in Experimental Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgyi 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