{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:01:32Z","timestamp":1791237692911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["por-journal.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathol. Oncol. Res."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathomechanism of various autoimmune diseases is known to be associated with the altered function of programmed cell death 1\/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1\/PD-L1) axis. We aimed to investigate the role of this pathway and inflammatory cell markers in subtypes of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE): discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), subacute CLE (SCLE) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)-like lupus, a hyperacute form of acute CLE (ACLE). Ten skin biopsy samples from 9 patients were analyzed with immunohistochemistry regarding the following markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, Granzyme B, CD123, CD163, PD-1, PD-L1. Our group consisted of 4 SCLE (2 idiopathic (I-SCLE) and 2 PD-1 inhibitor-induced (DI-SCLE)), 4 DLE and 1 TEN-like lupus cases. From the latter patient two consecutive biopsies were obtained 1 week apart. Marker expression patterns were compared through descriptive analysis. Higher median keratinocyte (KC) PD-L1 expression was observed in the SCLE group compared to the DLE group (65% and 5%, respectively). Medians of dermal CD4, Granzyme B (GB), PD-1 positive cell numbers and GB+\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ratio were higher in the DLE group than in the SCLE group. The I-SCLE and DI-SCLE cases showed many similarities, however KC PD-L1 expression and dermal GB positive cell number was higher in the former. The consecutive samples of the TEN-like lupus patient showed an increase by time within the number of infiltrating GB+ cytotoxic T-cells and KC PD-L1 expression (from 22 to 43 and 30%\u201370%, respectively). Alterations of the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of CLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2022.1610521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T12:02:25Z","timestamp":1659355345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunohistochemical Study of the PD-1\/PD-L1 Pathway in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gota","family":"Szepesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sebesty\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enik\u0151","family":"Kuroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanni","family":"Rencz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bokor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Szakonyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Medvecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadett","family":"Hidv\u00e9gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.025","article-title":"PD-1 Immunobiology in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"97","author":"Curran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1027","article-title":"Engagement of the Pd-1 Immunoinhibitory Receptor by a Novel B7 Family Member Leads to Negative Regulation of Lymphocyte Activation","volume":"192","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","article-title":"Immune-related Adverse Events of Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0336-3","article-title":"Dermatologic Reactions to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Skin Toxicities and Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Sibaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14449","article-title":"De Novo subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus like Eruptions in the Setting of PD\u20101 or PD\u2010L1 Inhibitor Therapy: Clinical\u2010pathological Correlation","volume":"46","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13538","article-title":"Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Induced by PD-1 Inhibitor Therapy: Two Case Reports and Literature Review","volume":"62","author":"Diago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/cmr.0000000000000587","article-title":"Cutaneous Lupus Associated with Pembrolizumab Therapy for Advanced Melanoma: A Report of Three Cases","volume":"29","author":"Blakeway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.08.019","article-title":"Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: First Multicenter Database Analysis of 1002 Patients from the European Society of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (EUSCLE)","volume":"12","author":"Biazar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.021","article-title":"The Classification and Diagnosis of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.02.009","article-title":"Are There Distinct Clinical and Pathological Features Distinguishing Idiopathic from Drug-Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus? 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