{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:33:37Z","timestamp":1761816817687,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023322","name":"Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Albert Orvostudom\u00e1nyi Kar, Szegedi Tudom\u00e1nyegyetem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["por-journal.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathol. Oncol. Res."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) were identified as prognostic factors for colorectal adenocarcinomas; however, they have been examined in a consecutive setting with controversial results. Our study aimed to examine HGPs\u2019 association with clinicopathological factors in a retrospective, consecutive, single-center, cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study comprised the data of patients who were treated for liver metastases from 2011 to 2023. In all cases, general clinicopathological data were registered. The histological slides of all metastatic foci were individually evaluated. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher\u2019s exact test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Altogether 336 liver metastases from 205 patients have been included in our retrospective, consecutive, single-center, cohort study. The male-to-female ratio was 116:89, and the average age of patients was 68 years (median: 69.5; range: 27-93). Most examined cases were of colorectal origin (n = 164). Replacement pattern was found to be the most common (n = 99). The 163 colorectal adenocarcinoma metastasis cases reflected a similar order of magnitude of replacement type (n = 78) and desmoplastic (n = 68) HGPs. The majority (70%) of neuroendocrine tumours (n = 10) showed pushing HGP, while 3 of 5 non-epithelial tumours were associated with replacement-type HGP. A significant association was found between HGPs and histological subtype (\n                      <jats:italic>p &amp;lt; 0.001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), grade (\n                      <jats:italic>p = 0.002<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), the presence of venous spread (\n                      <jats:italic>p = 0.02<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and the largest diameter of liver metastasis (\n                      <jats:italic>p = 0.023<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even though our study highlights the HGPs\u2019 association with several clinicopathological parameters that might influence prognosis, their role in the treatment process of colorectal or other carcinomas remains controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2025.1612161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:28:21Z","timestamp":1761816501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of histopathological growth patterns of liver metastases in a retrospective, consecutive, single-center, cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Sejben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka","family":"P\u00f3sfai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Lantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-02983-6","article-title":"Biomarker alterations associated with distinct patterns of metastatic spread in colorectal cancer","volume":"478","author":"Michl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/path.966","article-title":"Liver metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas grow in three patterns with different angiogenesis and desmoplasia","volume":"195","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/cjp2.161","article-title":"Replacement and desmoplastic histopathological growth patterns in cutaneous melanoma liver metastases: frequency, characteristics, and robust prognostic value","volume":"6","author":"Barnhill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pathol Clin Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-017-2065-7","article-title":"Breast carcinoma subtypes show different patterns of metastatic behavior","volume":"470","author":"Moln\u00e1r","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260880","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1260880","article-title":"Histopathological growth pattern of liver metastases as an independent marker of metastatic behavior in different primary cancers","volume":"13","author":"Bohlok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/cjp2.105","article-title":"Replacement and desmoplastic histopathological growth patterns: a pilot study of prediction of outcome in patients with uveal melanoma liver metastases","volume":"4","author":"Barnhill","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pathol Clin Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-022-00803-w","article-title":"L1CAM and laminin vascular network: association with the high-risk replacement histopathologic growth pattern in uveal melanoma liver metastases","volume":"102","author":"Barnhill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/pas.0000000000001835","article-title":"Sinusoidal growth pattern of hepatic melanoma metastasis: implications for histopathologic diagnosis","volume":"46","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-022-10153-y","article-title":"Histopathological growth patterns of resected non-colorectal, non-neuroendocrine liver metastases: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"39","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2018.01.009","article-title":"Histopathological growth patterns as a candidate biomarker for immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"52","author":"van Dam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/s0046-8177(82)80272-4","article-title":"Histologic growth pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma: relationship to orcein (hepatitis B surface antigen)-positive cells in cancer tissue","volume":"13","author":"Nakashima","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"American Joint Committee on cancer (AJCC) AJCC cancer staging manual","author":"Amin","year":"2017"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01859-7","article-title":"Histopathological growth patterns of liver metastasis: updated consensus guidelines for pattern scoring, perspectives and recent mechanistic insights","volume":"127","author":"Latacz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/cjp2.235","article-title":"Preoperative systemic chemotherapy alters the histopathological growth patterns of colorectal liver metastases","volume":"8","author":"Nierop","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pathol Clin Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-019-09661-5","article-title":"Angiogenic desmoplastic histopathological growth pattern as a prognostic marker of good outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases","volume":"22","author":"Galjart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jjco.a023174","article-title":"Histologic growth patterns of metastatic carcinomas of the liver","volume":"26","author":"Terayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.07.012","article-title":"Metastatic ocular melanoma to the liver exhibits infiltrative and nodular growth patterns","volume":"57","author":"Grossniklaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.334","article-title":"International consensus guidelines for scoring the histopathological growth patterns of liver metastasis","volume":"117","author":"van Dam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pkab026","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab026","article-title":"Histopathological growth patterns and survival after resection of colorectal liver metastasis: an external validation study","volume":"5","author":"H\u00f6ppener","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16557","article-title":"Significance of desmoplastic histopathological growth pattern for colorectal liver metastases treated with preoperative chemotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0881-z","article-title":"Enrichment of the tumour immune microenvironment in patients with desmoplastic colorectal liver metastasis","volume":"123","author":"H\u00f6ppener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010181","article-title":"Histopathological growth pattern in colorectal liver metastasis and the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Zaharia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154401","article-title":"Histopathological growth pattern evolution of tumor in VX2 liver cancer model","volume":"244","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02189-9","article-title":"Claudin-2 promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis and is a biomarker of the replacement type growth pattern","volume":"4","author":"Tabari\u00e9s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-024-10279-1","article-title":"Transcriptomic characterization of the histopathological growth patterns in breast cancer liver metastases","volume":"41","author":"Leduc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-023-10211-z","article-title":"Histopathological growth patterns of neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases","volume":"40","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zrae127","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsopen\/zrae127","article-title":"Classifying histopathological growth patterns for resected colorectal liver metastasis with a deep learning analysis","volume":"8","author":"H\u00f6ppener","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJS Open"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-022-10191-6","article-title":"Circulating tumour cells are associated with histopathological growth patterns of colorectal cancer liver metastases","volume":"40","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-020-10048-w","article-title":"Histopathological growth patterns as biomarker for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases","volume":"37","author":"Buisman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2022.01.010","article-title":"Local tumour control after radiofrequency or microwave ablation for colorectal liver metastases in relation to histopathological growth patterns","volume":"24","author":"Vles","year":"2022","journal-title":"HPB (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["Pathology and Oncology Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.por-journal.com\/articles\/10.3389\/pore.2025.1612161\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:28:22Z","timestamp":1761816502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.por-journal.com\/articles\/10.3389\/pore.2025.1612161\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/pore.2025.1612161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/pore.2025.1612161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-2807"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-2807","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"article-number":"1612161"}}