{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T20:47:55Z","timestamp":1770324475397,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transpl Int"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among heart transplant (HT) recipients, a reduced immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been reported. We aimed to assess the humoral and T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in HT recipients to understand determinants of immunogenicity. HT recipients were prospectively enrolled from January 2021 until March 2022. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG levels were quantified after two and three doses of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BNT162b2, mRNA1273, or AZD1222). Spike-specific T-cell responses were assessed using flow cytometry. Ninety-one patients were included in the study (69% male, median age 55\u00a0years, median time from HT to first vaccination 6.1\u00a0years). Seroconversion rates were 34% after two and 63% after three doses. Older patient age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) and shorter time since HT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) were associated with lower antibody concentrations after three vaccinations. There were no associations between vaccine types or immunosuppressive regimens and humoral response, except for prednisolone, which was predictive of a reduced response after two (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), but not after three doses (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.434). A T-cell response was observed in 50% after two and in 74% after three doses. Despite three vaccine doses, a large proportion of HT recipients exhibits a reduced immune response. Additional strategies are desirable to improve vaccine immunogenicity in this vulnerable group of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2023.10883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:11:16Z","timestamp":1675656676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-Induced Immunogenicity in Heart Transplant Recipients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Memenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon 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