{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:53:33Z","timestamp":1790024013433,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transpl Int"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding donor-reactive T-cell behavior post-transplantation is challenging owing to the rarity and diversity of these cells. Here, we aimed to evaluate the relevance of an assay for rapidly detecting alloreactive T cells in a mouse transplantation model. After 18\u00a0h of one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) culture with pre-activated donor-derived stimulators, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> donor-reactive T cells were identified by CD154 and CD137 expression, respectively. Using full MHC mismatched mouse skin transplant models, we observed an increased donor-reactive T-cell proportion by direct presentation with elevated interferon gamma and granzyme B production 7\u00a0days post-transplantation, before graft rejection. Immunosuppression with CTLA-4 IgG and anti-CD154 antibody varied depending on donor-recipient strain combinations. On day 7, donor-reactive CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell proportions were lower in the tolerance model (BALB\/c to C3H\/HeJ) than in the rejection model (BALB\/c to C57BL\/6); conventional proliferation readout after 4\u00a0days of MLR could not distinguish these responses. Overall, although the conventional readout for evaluating T-cell proliferation following an MLR quantifies the precursor frequency of alloreactive T cells, the assay reported herein assesses T-cell activation markers after a short-term MLR to characterize immediate immune status. These findings offer a promising tool to elucidate immune responses post-transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2025.13879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T09:29:08Z","timestamp":1738142948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Discrimination of Anti-Donor Response in Allogeneic Transplantation Using an Alloreactive T-Cell Detection 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