{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:00:58Z","timestamp":1775800858309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontierspartnerships.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transpl. Int."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    are leading causes of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation (LuTx). We reviewed the pharmacology, clinical evidence, and safety of five agents potentially active against MDR-GNB in LuTx recipients (LUTR): ceftolozane\/tazobactam, ceftazidime\/avibactam, meropenem\/vaborbactam, imipenem\/relebactam, and cefiderocol. Literature from the last 10 years was reviewed for data on activity spectrum, efficacy in LUTR and adverse events. Ceftolozane\/tazobactam and ceftazidime\/avibactam were the most studied, providing high cure rates for difficult-to-treat\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    (DTR-PA) and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacterales, respectively. Meropenem\/vaborbactam offers reliable coverage of KPC strains, while imipenem\/relebactam is an interesting option for imipenem-non-susceptible\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Cefiderocol exhibits the broadest\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    spectrum, including metallo-\u03b2-lactamase producers. Across agents, pharmacokinetic variability, augmented renal clearance, and extracorporeal support can compromise target attainment; prolonged or continuous infusion is preferred. Collectively, these antibiotics expand the therapeutic armamentarium against MDR-GNB in LUTR, allowing pathogen-directed, toxicity-sparing regimens. Nonetheless, prospective LuTx-focused studies are needed to optimise their use in such a peculiar setting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2026.15264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:10:09Z","timestamp":1775797809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New Antibiotics Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Lung Transplantation: Clinical Evidence, Safety, and PK\/PD Properties"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Mangioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Viero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Alagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Renisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Saltini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bandera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico","place":["Milan, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E159","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1113","article-title":"Burden and Timeline of Infectious Diseases in the First Year After Solid Organ Transplantation in the 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