{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:46:35Z","timestamp":1764603995125,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Educ."],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are in an era where keeping students focused and interested can be challenging. Furthermore, it is relevant, in avoiding students dropping out and increasing students\u2019 achievements, to research how student engagement can be nurtured and how this aspect is influenced by teacher attitude and the teaching and learning (T and L) approaches. With the purpose of engaging a large biochemistry class of first-year students (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 170 in the pilot study and<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 147 in the full project) from the Biomedical Sciences degree at the University of Aveiro in Portugal, a combination of two different learning methodologies was implemented: Team-based Learning (TBL) and Spaced Learning (SL). The main objectives of this pedagogical innovation were to promote collaboration between students, keep students engaged throughout the semester, and keep the teacher satisfied through the participation of students in class and positive feedback. A typical class involved various steps which combined different facets of TBL and SL: a bibliography was provided one week in advance to the students for them to get familiarized with it; in class, the students answered an individual quiz, followed by a group quiz; the next step was solving a problem. Meanwhile, an SL break occurred in which students did distracting activities (usually physical activities). Lastly, a short seminar in the form of a Q &amp;amp; A occurred to clarify any doubts. The assessment of this class involved different individual and group components. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through focus group interviews, questionnaires, and observation techniques. After analyzing the results, in general, we can conclude that students seem to prefe learning with TBL and SL than with traditional methodologies. Students emphasized the SL as a positive strategy. Furthermore, they acknowledge that teacher attitude was crucial for their engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1129763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T07:03:05Z","timestamp":1695020585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Engaging large classes of higher education students: a combination of spaced learning and team-based learning"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Carlos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lurdes","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Fardilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2017.1319808","article-title":"Factors affecting student engagement in HEIs-it is all about good teaching","volume":"22","author":"Almarghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Teach. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Design-based research and educational technology: rethinking technology and the research agenda","volume":"11","author":"Amiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.2202\/1548-923X.2197","article-title":"Implementing team based learning in large classes: nurse educators\u2019 experiences","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Educ. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2004.01.002","article-title":"Check & connect: the importance of relationships for promoting engagement with school","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.06.007","article-title":"Student engagement and its relationship with early high school dropout","volume":"32","author":"Archambault","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/00091383.1995.10544672","article-title":"From teaching to learning\u2013a new paradigm for undergraduate education","volume":"27","author":"Barr","year":"1995","journal-title":"Change"},{"volume-title":"Active learning: creating excitement in the classroom","year":"1991","author":"Bonwell","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2020.1839746","article-title":"Barriers to student active learning in higher education","volume":"28","author":"B\u00f8rte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Teach. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2307\/4449272","article-title":"Meaningful learning in college biology through concept mapping","volume":"53","author":"Briscoe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Biol. Teach."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"565","volume-title":"Curricula. A history of the university in Europe","author":"Brockliss","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S72","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_150_17","article-title":"Team-based learning strategy in biochemistry: perceptions and attitudes of faculty and 1st-year medical students","volume":"7","author":"Chhabra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3109\/01421590802590553","article-title":"The effect of team-based learning in medical ethics education","volume":"31","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20080301-02","article-title":"Team-based learning in an undergraduate nursing course","volume":"47","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2307\/2649282","article-title":"Grouping in the dark: what college students learn from group projects","volume":"71","author":"Colbeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J High Educ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1374249","article-title":"Peer instruction: ten years of experience and results","volume":"69","author":"Crouch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-6-5","article-title":"Knowledge loss of medical students on first year basic science courses at the University of Saskatchewan","volume":"6","author":"D\u2019Eon","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-1722.2007.00034.x","article-title":"Implementing team-based learning in an introduction to law course","volume":"24","author":"Dana","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Legal Stud. Educ."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1821936116","article-title":"Measuring actual learning versus feeling of learning in response to being actively engaged in the classroom","volume":"116","author":"Deslauriers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/24.7.411","article-title":"Adopting and adapting problem-based learning for laboratory science","volume":"24","author":"Doig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1021\/ed072p793","article-title":"Cooperative learning and enhanced communication: effects on student performance, retention, and attitudes in general chemistry","volume":"72","author":"Dougherty","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200408","article-title":"Memory: a contribution to experimental psychology","volume":"20","author":"Ebbinghaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1608","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2013.849802","article-title":"The effectiveness of teambased learning on learning outcomes in health professions education: BEME guide no. 30","volume":"35","author":"Fatmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Active learning: an introduction*","volume":"2","author":"Felder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Higher Educ. Brief"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0205-74","article-title":"Making memories stick","volume":"292","author":"Fields","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.28945\/335","article-title":"How fair are group assignments?A survey of students and faculty and a modest proposal","volume":"2","author":"Ford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059","article-title":"School engagement: potential of the concept, state of the evidence. In source","volume":"74","author":"Fredricks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319030111","article-title":"Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics","volume":"111","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1515\/rem-2016-0004","article-title":"Spaced learning and innovative teaching: school time, pedagogy of attention and learning awareness","volume":"8","author":"Garzia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Educ Med"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Gl\u00e4ser-ZikudaM. HagenauerG. StephanM. 2020"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757136","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe757136","article-title":"Team-based learning in pharmacotherapeutics","volume":"75","author":"Grady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEM-06-2012-0072","article-title":"Learner centered higher education in East Asia: assessing the effects on student engagement","volume":"27","author":"Hallinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Manag."},{"year":"2013","author":"Hsieh","key":"ref32"},{"volume-title":"Undergraduate group projects: Challenges and learning experiences","year":"2015","author":"Isaac","key":"ref33"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.15760\/comminfolit.2012.5.2.105","article-title":"Team-based learning in an information literacy course","volume":"5","author":"Jacobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Inf. Lit."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00589","article-title":"Making long-term memories in minutes: a spaced learning pattern from memory research in education","volume":"7","author":"Kelley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00095.2016","article-title":"Team-based learning in large enrollment classes","volume":"40","author":"Kibble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107550","article-title":"Specifying the neural basis of the spacing effect with multivariate ERP","volume":"146","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"year":"2015","author":"Kirstein","key":"ref38"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2004.tb08283.x","article-title":"Relationships matter: linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement","volume":"74","author":"Klem","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02248.x","article-title":"Active learning in a year 2 pathology curriculum","volume":"39","author":"Koles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181f52bed","article-title":"The impact of teambased learning on medical students\u2019 academic performance","volume":"85","author":"Koles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15636-7_8","article-title":"Qualitative text analysis: a systematic approach","volume-title":"Compendium for early career researchers in mathematics education","author":"Kuckartz","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7205103","article-title":"Using team-based learning in an endocrine module taught across two campuses","volume":"72","author":"Letassy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660320108","article-title":"Peer collaboration and concept development: learning about photosynthesis","volume":"32","author":"Lumpe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Res. Sci. Teach."},{"year":"2007","author":"Markwell","key":"ref45"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(70)80107-4","article-title":"The situation with respect to the spacing of repetitions and memory","volume":"9","author":"Melton","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00053.2006","article-title":"Where\u2019s the evidence that active learning works?","volume":"30","author":"Michael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216023364","article-title":"Getting started with team-based learning","volume-title":"Team-based learning: a transformative use of small groups","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"57","article-title":"Team-based learning practices and principles in comparison with cooperative learning and problem-based learning","volume":"25","author":"Michaelsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Excell. Coll. Teach."},{"volume-title":"Team-based learning for health professions education: A guide to using small groups","year":"2007","author":"Michaelsen","key":"ref50"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1108\/9781787144873","volume-title":"Active learning strategies in higher education","author":"Misseyanni","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.2001.tb01110.x","article-title":"The role of caring in the teacher-student relationship for at-risk students","volume":"71","author":"Muller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sociol. Inq."},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"27","article-title":"Assessing the impact of team-based learning","volume":"20","author":"Nicoll-Senft","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Excell. Coll. Teach."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3109\/01421590903548554","article-title":"Team-based learning: moving forward in curriculum innovation: a commentary","volume":"32","author":"Parmelee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2012.651179","article-title":"Team-based learning: a practical guide: AMEE guide no. 65","volume":"34","author":"Parmelee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe76231","article-title":"The impact of team-based learning on a foundational pharmacokinetics course","volume":"76","author":"Persky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2017.1384158","article-title":"Edulabs AGIRE project\u2013evaluation of ICT integration in teaching strategies","volume":"54","author":"Pombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Media Int."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2017.1340636","article-title":"A systematic review of the published literature on team-based learning in health professions education","volume":"39","author":"Reimschisel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654311421793","article-title":"The influence of affective teacher-student relationships on students\u2019 school engagement and achievement: a meta-analytic approach","volume":"81","author":"Roorda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2006.tb00906.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of challenge-based instruction in biomechanics","volume":"95","author":"Roselli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787403004001006","article-title":"Integrating technology into a traditional learning environment: reasons for and risks of success","volume":"4","author":"Saunders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Act. Learn. High. Educ."},{"volume-title":"Foundations of problem-based learning","year":"2004","author":"Savin-Baden","key":"ref62"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00891778","article-title":"Problem-based learning: an introduction","volume":"22","author":"Schmidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Instr. Sci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.23918\/ijsses.v5i1p164","article-title":"A comparison of teacher-centered and student-centered approaches in educational settings","volume":"5","author":"Serin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Sci. Educ. Stud."},{"volume-title":"About behaviorism","year":"1976","author":"Skinner","key":"ref65"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787409104787","article-title":"Learning to teach with problem-based learning","volume":"10","author":"Spronken-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Act. Learn. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.143.1.5-27","article-title":"Facilitators and outcomes of student engagement in a college setting","volume":"143","author":"Steele","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1469787417731201","article-title":"The effect of team-based learning on content knowledge: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Act. Learn. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985859","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.985859","article-title":"The impact of teacher attitude and teaching approaches on student demotivation: disappointment as a mediator","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/10401334.2011.536888","article-title":"A controlled trial of team-based learning in an ambulatory medicine clerkship for medical students","volume":"23","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Teach. Learn. Med."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.14025","article-title":"Conceptualising spaced learning in health professions education: a scoping review","volume":"54","author":"Versteeg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504682","article-title":"Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1152\/advances.2001.25.2.62","article-title":"The effects of discovery learning in a lower-division biology course","volume":"25","author":"Wilke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000333","article-title":"Early adolescent social status and academic engagement: selection and influence processes in the United States and China","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7409160","article-title":"Comparing team-based and mixed active-learning methods in an ambulatory care elective course","volume":"74","author":"Zingone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Education"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1129763\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1730100800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1129763\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/feduc.2023.1129763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1129763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-284X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2504-284X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"article-number":"1129763"}}