{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:30:51Z","timestamp":1768095051223,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00215\/2020 , UIDP\/00215\/2020 , LA\/P\/0064\/2020 , PTDC\/MEC-CIR\/3615\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00215\/2020 , UIDP\/00215\/2020 , LA\/P\/0064\/2020 , PTDC\/MEC-CIR\/3615\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019598","name":"Sociedade Portuguesa De Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019598","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015223","name":"Danish Diabetes and Endocrine Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015223","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"'la Caixa' Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Endocrinol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Suboptimal clinical responses to metabolic and bariatric surgery include insufficient weight loss (WL), weight regain (WR), and\/or comorbidity remission failure or relapse. Gut hormones\u2019 role in WR and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) relapse is not fully established. So, our aim was to evaluate the hormone profiles of patients with long-term optimal and suboptimal response after gastric bypass (RYGB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 43 individuals who underwent RYGB surgery over 10 years ago, divided into two groups: 23 participants with no T2D history but different WR trajectories (cohort 1), and 20 with prior T2D diagnosis and optimal WL (cohort 2), with post-RYGB T2D remission (n=10) or relapse (n=10). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP levels were evaluated during a mixed-meal tolerance test. In cohort 1, fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, as well as the postprandial glucose and GIP levels, were significantly positively correlated with %WR. Additionally, postprandial GLP-1 and glucagon levels were negatively correlated with the %WR. In cohort 2, higher postprandial glucose and lower insulin were observed in participants with T2D relapse. No other significant differences were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In sum, greater WR was associated with higher levels of postprandial glucose and GIP, along with lower GLP-1 and glucagon excursions. Whether these are cause or consequence of WR remains to be clarified. Additionally, GIP and GLP-1 profile of participants with T2D relapse did not differ from those with T2D remission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1624001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T09:06:07Z","timestamp":1751619967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["GLP-1 and GIP may play a role in long-term weight trajectories after gastric bypass"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carolina B.","family":"Lobato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bolette","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jens J.","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui 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