{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T02:04:38Z","timestamp":1773367478151,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Environ. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current climate change scenario, Mediterranean cities face heatwaves and reduced availability of freshwater alternated with intense precipitation events in short periods. The demand for water, especially for urban and tourism purposes, is rising, particularly in coastal cities. The importance of integrating nature into cities, particularly trees, has been studied for its benefits in adapting to climate change and improving quality of life. However, water scarcity in cities remains a limiting factor for ensuring the water needs of urban trees and, consequently, the ecosystem services they provide. In this study, we quantified the ecosystem services (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sequestration and storage, O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production, air pollutants removal, and hydrological effects as transpiration, water intercepted and avoided runoff) provided by urban vegetation in Faro (Algarve, Portugal), with a detailed analysis of three green spaces. We analyzed the importance given to green spaces and the community preferences. Rainwater harvesting was studied as an alternative water source for irrigation and its advantages for the urban water cycle. We found that urban vegetation across the city sequesters 1.09 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0t. yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, stores 4.01 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0t\u00a0C, contributes to air pollutant removal (CO = 114; O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> = 3.56 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = 313; SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = 224; PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> = 872; PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> = 70) kg. yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, and prevents 861\u00a0m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> of surface runoff. In general, people inquired use to visit and value the city\u2019s green spaces, enjoy activities in nature, have definite preferences regarding green spaces, and are available to suggest actions to improve these spaces. It was confirmed that in order to maintain urban green spaces and the ecosystem services that their vegetation provides to the community, rainwater harvesting is of utmost relevance representing a reduction in drinking water for irrigation of 4.20 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in the three studied green spaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2025.1520934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T07:10:40Z","timestamp":1738825840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Urban vegetation benefits in mediterranean cities for climate change adaptation and water usage efficiency \u2013 a case study in Algarve, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Matias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Moreira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Teig\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4090\/juee.2023.v17n1.13-21","article-title":"CO2 sequestration and O2 production in urban parks: the case of an introduced species in tropical south America","author":"Aguilar-Tello","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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