{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T04:07:52Z","timestamp":1773720472249,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral vaccines are highly demanded by the aquaculture sector, to allow mass delivery of antigens without using the expensive and labor-intensive injectable vaccines. These later require individual handling of fish, provoking stress-related mortalities.<\/jats:p><jats:p>One possible strategy to create injection-free vaccine delivery vehicles is the use of bacterial spores, extremely resistant structures with wide biotechnological applications, including as probiotics, display systems, or adjuvants. Bacterial spores, in particular those of <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>, have been shown to behave as mucosal vaccine adjuvants in mice models. However, such technology has not been extensively explored against fish bacterial disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this study, we used a laboratory strain of <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>, for which a variety of genetic manipulation tools are available, to display at its spores surface either a <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> antigenic protein, OmpK, or the green fluorescence protein, GFP. When previously vaccinated by immersion with the OmpK- carrying spores, zebrafish survival upon a bacterial challenge with <jats:italic>V. anguillarum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>, increased up to 50 - 90% depending on the pathogen targeted. Further, we were able to detect anti-GFP-antibodies in the serum of European seabass juveniles fed diets containing the GFP-carrying spores and anti-<jats:italic>V. anguillarum<\/jats:italic> antibodies in the serum of European seabass juveniles fed the OmpK-carrying spores containing diet. More important, seabass survival was increased from 60 to 86% when previously orally vaccinated with in-feed OmpK- carrying spores. Our results indicate that <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> spores can effectively be used as antigen-carriers for oral vaccine delivery in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1012301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T09:46:10Z","timestamp":1665654370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Oral vaccination of fish against vibriosis using spore-display technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafaela 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